[{"slug":"aronia-chokeberry","common_name":"Aronia / Chokeberry","scientific_name":"Aronia melanocarpa","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant bare-root or container stock in early spring; extremely adaptable to wet or dry soils."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Aronia is exceptionally hardy and tolerates wet, poorly drained soils, making it suitable for rain gardens. It is self-fruitful and rarely needs a pollinator, though yields improve with a second plant nearby. Prune by removing the oldest, thickest canes at the base every 3–4 years to encourage vigorous new growth and better light penetration. Harvest clusters in late summer when berries are very dark purple-black; the astringent flavor mellows after a light frost or processing.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"black-currant","common_name":"Black Currant","scientific_name":"Ribes nigrum","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":3},"note":"Plant hardwood cuttings or dormant bare-root stock in early spring, burying the cutting deeper than other Ribes to encourage multiple basal shoots."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":6},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Black currants fruit most heavily on one-year-old wood, so annual renewal pruning is critical: remove one-third of the oldest canes each late winter to stimulate vigorous new shoots. The berries have a strong, tannic flavor prized for jams and juices; harvest when the entire strig has turned glossy black. Choose blister-rust-resistant cultivars such as 'Consort' or 'Titania' where regulations permit. Verify local restrictions before planting.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"blackberry","common_name":"Blackberry","scientific_name":"Rubus allegheniensis","category":"berry","subcategory":"cane fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant bare-root canes in early spring; trailing and semi-erect types need a trellis installed at planting."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Blackberries fruit on second-year floricanes; remove all fruited canes at the base after harvest and thin new primocanes to 4–6 per hill. Erect types can be tip-pruned at 3–4 ft in midsummer to encourage lateral branching and larger yields. Harvest when berries are fully black, slightly soft, and the white core is not visible — they do not ripen further off the plant. Trailing cultivars require a T-trellis; thornless varieties are easier to manage but may be less cold-hardy.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"boysenberry","common_name":"Boysenberry","scientific_name":"Rubus ursinus x idaeus","category":"berry","subcategory":"cane fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in early spring after frost danger passes; boysenberries are trailing types requiring a stout trellis."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Boysenberries are vigorous trailing hybrids (blackberry x raspberry x loganberry lineage) that must be trained to a two- or three-wire trellis at 3 and 5 ft. Cut all fruited canes to the ground after the summer harvest and tie new canes along the wires for next year's crop. Harvest when berries turn deep maroon-purple and have a rich, winey aroma. In zone 5–6 winters, remove canes from wires and lay them on the ground under mulch for protection.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"cranberry","common_name":"Cranberry","scientific_name":"Vaccinium macrocarpon","category":"berry","subcategory":"ground fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant rooted cuttings in spring in acidic, peaty, moisture-retentive soil with access to irrigation."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":6},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Cranberries require strongly acidic soil (pH 4.0–5.0), consistent moisture, and sandy-peat substrate — conditions that closely mimic their native bog habitat. A 3–4 in layer of coarse sand mulch helps suppress weeds and maintains the proper surface environment. The vines are slow to establish and typically take 3–4 years to produce a meaningful crop. Harvest in fall when berries turn deep red and bounce when dropped; home growers pick by hand rather than flooding.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"elderberry","common_name":"Elderberry","scientific_name":"Sambucus nigra","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant rooted cuttings or bare-root stock in early spring; at least two cultivars within 60 ft improve cross-pollination and yields."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Elderberries are fast-growing shrubs that fruit on current-season wood arising from two-year-old stems; cut one-third of the oldest canes to the ground each late winter to keep the planting vigorous. Plant two or more cultivars for cross-pollination — solo plantings produce far fewer berries. Harvest entire umbels (flat-topped clusters) in late summer when at least 95% of berries in a cluster are dark purple-black. Raw berries and green plant parts contain cyanogenic glycosides; always cook berries before eating.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"everbearing-fall-raspberry","common_name":"Everbearing / Fall Raspberry","scientific_name":"Rubus idaeus","category":"berry","subcategory":"cane fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant bare-root canes in early spring; primocane-fruiting types can yield a fall crop in their first year."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Primocane-fruiting (everbearing) raspberries bear on the top portion of first-year canes in fall, then on lower portions the following summer if left. For the simplest management, mow all canes to the ground each late winter and enjoy a single fall crop on new primocanes — this eliminates disease buildup and minimizes pruning. Harvest from late summer through first frost when berries release easily from the plug. Consistent moisture during fruit development prevents crumbling.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"fuzzy-kiwi","common_name":"Fuzzy Kiwi","scientific_name":"Actinidia deliciosa","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1825,"max":2555},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant after last frost in spring; requires a long frost-free season of 200–240 days for fruit to mature."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Fuzzy kiwi (the standard grocery-store kiwifruit) requires a long, warm growing season and is best suited to zones 7–9 with at least 200 frost-free days. Like hardy kiwi, it is dioecious and requires male and female plants — one male pollinates up to 8 females. Train vines on a T-bar or pergola trellis and prune hard each dormant season to manage the vigorous growth. Harvest in late fall before hard frost when the seeds have turned black and the flesh is tender; fruit ripens off the vine.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"goji-berry","common_name":"Goji Berry","scientific_name":"Lycium barbarum","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container or bare-root stock in spring after frost danger; goji tolerates alkaline soils and drought once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Goji berries are highly adaptable, tolerating poor, alkaline soils where other fruits fail, but perform best in well-drained loam with a pH of 6.5–8.0. The arching, slightly thorny canes can be left as a shrub or trained to a central leader with a stake. Prune lightly after fruiting to maintain shape and encourage new fruiting laterals. Harvest ripe berries by gently rolling the stem between your fingers — ripe fruits are bright red-orange, soft, and drop easily (avoid touching them, as the sap stains).","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"gooseberry","common_name":"Gooseberry","scientific_name":"Ribes uva-crispa","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":3},"note":"Plant dormant cuttings or bare-root stock in early spring; fall planting works well in milder zones."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Gooseberries tolerate partial shade better than most fruits and prefer cool, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0–6.5. Prune to an open-vase structure each late winter, removing canes older than 3 years and any crossing branches to reduce disease pressure. Pick berries early for cooking (when green and firm) or allow them to ripen to red, yellow, or white for fresh eating. Note: check local regulations, as Ribes species are restricted in some U.S. states due to white pine blister rust.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"ground-cherry-cape-gooseberry","common_name":"Ground Cherry / Cape Gooseberry","scientific_name":"Physalis peruviana / Physalis pruinosa","category":"berry","subcategory":"ground fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Transplant starts after all frost danger has passed; start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Ground cherries are grown as warm-season annuals in most climates; start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost and transplant after danger of frost has passed. The bushy plants produce prolific small fruits enclosed in papery husks and often sprawl without support — a tomato cage or light staking helps. Harvest when the papery husk has dried to tan-brown and the golden berry inside detaches easily. Fallen fruits left in their husks on the ground remain fresh for several weeks.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"hardy-kiwi","common_name":"Hardy Kiwi","scientific_name":"Actinidia arguta","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after frost danger; provide a very sturdy trellis or pergola capable of holding hundreds of pounds of vine."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Hardy kiwi vines are dioecious — plant one male vine for every 6–8 female vines or choose a self-fertile cultivar such as 'Issai'. The vines can take 4–7 years to bear fruit but become very productive once established, requiring a pergola or heavy-gauge trellis rated to hold at least 200 lbs. Prune to a permanent framework of main arms and renewal spurs each late winter, cutting lateral shoots back to 2–4 buds. Harvest when smooth, grape-sized fruits yield slightly to pressure and taste sweet.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"highbush-blueberry","common_name":"Highbush Blueberry","scientific_name":"Vaccinium corymbosum","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant dormant bare-root or container stock in early spring once soil is workable; fall planting is possible in zones 6–8."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Blueberries require acidic soil with a pH of 4.5–5.5; amend with elemental sulfur and use acidic mulch such as pine bark or wood chips 3–4 in deep. Plant at least two cultivars for cross-pollination and better fruit set. Prune out old canes older than 6 years at the base each late winter to stimulate productive new wood. Harvest when berries turn deep blue and detach with minimal resistance, typically 7–10 days after color change.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"honeyberry-haskap","common_name":"Honeyberry / Haskap","scientific_name":"Lonicera caerulea","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant two or more compatible cultivars in early spring for cross-pollination; haskap blooms very early and needs a matching early-blooming partner."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Honeyberries are among the earliest fruits to ripen — often 2–3 weeks before strawberries — and flowers can survive temperatures as low as -4°F, making them ideal for short-season climates. Two compatible cultivars from the same breeding group must be planted for cross-pollination. Minimal pruning is needed for the first 5 years; thereafter, remove a few of the oldest, thickest canes annually to renew. Harvest when berries are entirely blue-purple inside (cut one open to check), as color alone can be misleading.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"lingonberry","common_name":"Lingonberry","scientific_name":"Vaccinium vitis-idaea","category":"berry","subcategory":"ground fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant rooted plugs or divisions in early spring in acidic, well-drained soil; also useful as a groundcover under acid-loving shrubs."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":16},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Lingonberries require acidic soil (pH 4.5–5.5) and perform well as an ornamental groundcover in zones 2–7. They produce two crops per year — a smaller crop in midsummer and a larger one in fall. Minimal pruning is needed; shear plants to 3–4 in every few years to rejuvenate. Harvest when berries are deep red and slightly tart; they store well refrigerated and are traditionally used in Scandinavian preserves and sauces.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"lowbush-blueberry","common_name":"Lowbush Blueberry","scientific_name":"Vaccinium angustifolium","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions or rooted cuttings in early spring in very acidic, well-drained soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":6},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Lowbush blueberries require strongly acidic soil (pH 4.0–5.0) and spread by underground rhizomes to form colonies. Manage in a two-year cycle: mow or burn half the planting to the ground each year so alternating sections produce a full crop annually. Harvest in midsummer when berries are deep blue-purple and sweet. Drought-tolerant once established, but irrigation during fruit fill improves berry size.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"muscadine-grape","common_name":"Muscadine Grape","scientific_name":"Vitis rotundifolia","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant rooted cuttings or container vines in early spring; use self-fertile cultivars or plant one male ('bronze') vine per 4–6 female vines."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Muscadine grapes are native to the southeastern U.S. and far more heat- and disease-resistant than European or labrusca types. Train to a single trunk with two permanent lateral cordons on a high-wire trellis at 5–6 ft; spur-prune cordons each dormant season to 2–3 bud spurs spaced 4–6 in apart. Many cultivars are not self-fertile, so check pollination requirements before purchasing. Harvest by shaking or hand-picking individual berries when they reach full color and slip easily from the skin.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"passionfruit","common_name":"Passionfruit","scientific_name":"Passiflora edulis","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant after all frost danger has passed in zones 9–11; in cooler zones grow in large containers and overwinter indoors."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"height_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Passionfruit is a vigorous, tendril-climbing vine requiring a sturdy wire trellis or fence. Train the main stem vertically and allow lateral shoots to drape horizontally from the top — these laterals bear the flowers and fruit. Prune heavily after fruiting to rejuvenate the vine and maintain productive growth. Harvest when the fruit skin begins to wrinkle and the fruit falls or detaches easily; purple cultivars are generally more cold-tolerant than yellow types.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"red-currant","common_name":"Red Currant","scientific_name":"Ribes rubrum","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":548,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":3},"note":"Plant hardwood cuttings or bare-root stock in early spring as soon as soil is workable."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Red currants fruit heavily on spurs of wood two years old and older; prune each late winter to keep 8–12 canes of mixed ages and remove any cane older than 5 years. They tolerate more shade than most fruits and appreciate afternoon shelter in hot climates. Harvest entire strigs (clusters) when berries are uniformly bright red and slightly translucent. Check state restrictions on Ribes planting before ordering.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"sea-buckthorn","common_name":"Sea Buckthorn","scientific_name":"Hippophae rhamnoides","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant one male plant for every 5–7 female plants in early spring; sea buckthorn is wind-pollinated and needs close proximity between sexes."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sea buckthorn is a thorny, nitrogen-fixing shrub that thrives in poor, dry, sandy soils where most fruits struggle. It is dioecious and requires male plants for pollination — one male per 5–7 females; sex is not identifiable until first flowering, so purchase sexed plants. The tiny berries are borne directly on the branches in dense clusters and are difficult to harvest without damaging the plant; a common approach is to cut fruiting branches in fall and strip berries indoors or by freezing and shaking. The tart, orange berries are extremely high in vitamin C.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"serviceberry","common_name":"Serviceberry (Juneberry)","scientific_name":"Amelanchier canadensis","category":"berry","subcategory":"shrub fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root or container stock in early spring while still dormant; fall planting works well in zones 5–8."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in well-drained, slightly acidic soil (pH 5.5–7.0) in full to partial sun; serviceberry tolerates wet sites and woodland edges better than most fruiting shrubs. No cross-pollinator is required, though planting two or more selections increases yield. Fruits ripen in late spring to early June, turning from red to deep purple-blue when fully sweet — birds will compete for them, so netting is advisable. Prune crossing or crowded stems in late winter to maintain an open, multi-stemmed form and remove root suckers to control spread.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"strawberry-everbearing","common_name":"Strawberry (Everbearing)","scientific_name":"Fragaria x ananassa","category":"berry","subcategory":"ground fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Set crowns in early spring; everbearing types can yield a partial crop the first fall if planted promptly."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in spring with crowns at soil level; remove only the spring flush of blossoms and allow the summer and fall crops to set. Everbearing types produce two distinct flushes — early summer and late summer into fall — with fewer runners than june-bearing types, making them well suited to hill culture or raised beds. Harvest when berries are fully red and fragrant. Replace plants every 3–4 years as productivity declines.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"strawberry-june-bearing","common_name":"Strawberry (June-Bearing)","scientific_name":"Fragaria x ananassa","category":"berry","subcategory":"ground fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":425},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Set bare-root crowns in early spring as soon as soil can be worked, keeping the crown level with the soil surface."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bare-root crowns in spring with the crown at soil level, setting runners into a matted-row system 12–18 in apart. Pinch all blossoms the first year to build root vigor; harvest begins the following June when berries are uniformly red and pull easily from the stem. Renovate beds immediately after harvest by mowing foliage to 3–4 in and thinning plants to 4–6 per square foot. Mulch crowns with straw in fall in zones 4 and colder.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"summer-raspberry","common_name":"Summer Raspberry","scientific_name":"Rubus idaeus","category":"berry","subcategory":"cane fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant dormant bare-root canes in early spring as soon as soil can be worked."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Summer raspberries fruit on floricanes — canes produced in year one that overwinter and bear fruit the following summer. After harvest, cut all fruited floricanes to the ground and thin new primocanes to 4–6 per linear foot for best airflow. Support canes on a two-wire trellis at 3 and 5 ft. Harvest when berries pull cleanly from the plug with no resistance, typically over 3–4 weeks in early summer.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"table-grape","common_name":"Table Grape","scientific_name":"Vitis vinifera / Vitis labrusca","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant dormant bare-root vines in early spring; install a sturdy trellis or arbor before planting."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":72,"max":96},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Table grapes require a robust trellis capable of supporting 15–30 lbs of fruit per vine; the two-wire Kniffin system or a pergola are common choices. Train a permanent trunk and 2–4 fruiting arms during the first 3 years; thereafter, annual dormant pruning should remove 90% of the previous year's growth, leaving spurs or canes with 2–4 buds each. Thin clusters after fruit set to improve berry size and airflow. Harvest when berries reach full color, the tendrils nearest the cluster have dried, and sugar is confirmed by taste.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"wine-grape","common_name":"Wine Grape","scientific_name":"Vitis vinifera","category":"berry","subcategory":"vine fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant grafted or own-rooted dormant vines in early spring on a well-drained slope with good air drainage."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":72,"max":96},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":96},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Wine grapes thrive in lean, well-drained soils with a pH of 5.5–6.5 and perform best on slopes with excellent air circulation to reduce disease pressure. Establish a vertical shoot positioning (VSP) trellis with catch wires at 4 and 5 ft above the cordon wire. Rigorous dormant pruning — leaving only 30–60 buds per vine depending on vigor — is essential for fruit quality. Harvest timing is cultivar- and use-specific; measure Brix (sugar) with a refractometer and monitor seed color and berry flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"buckwheat","common_name":"Buckwheat","scientific_name":"Fagopyrum esculentum","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"broadleaf","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":5},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":45},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":8},"note":"Sow anytime in warm frost-free weather; a fast summer smother crop that flowers in ~5 weeks."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast seed about 1/2 in deep into warm soil; it sprouts within days and shades out weeds quickly. Cut or turn it under at first bloom, before it sets seed, or it will reseed. It also draws pollinators and helps make soil phosphorus available.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"crimson-clover","common_name":"Crimson Clover","scientific_name":"Trifolium incarnatum","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Sow 4–8 weeks before first fall frost, or in early spring; fixes nitrogen and blooms crimson."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast seed onto a raked bed at about 1/4 in depth and keep moist until established. Let it grow through winter, then mow and turn it under a few weeks before planting to release its fixed nitrogen. Terminate at early bloom for the best nitrogen return.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"field-peas","common_name":"Field Peas (Austrian Winter Pea)","scientific_name":"Pisum sativum subsp. arvense","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Sow 4–8 weeks before frost in fall, or in earliest spring; nitrogen-fixing and edible tender shoots."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow inoculated seed about 1 in deep, often mixed with oats or rye for support. The vines fix nitrogen and produce edible pea shoots you can harvest before turning the crop under. Terminate at flowering for the best nitrogen contribution.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hairy-vetch","common_name":"Hairy Vetch","scientific_name":"Vicia villosa","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":15},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Sow 4–8 weeks before first frost, often mixed with winter rye which gives it something to climb."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed about 1/2 in deep, ideally inoculated with the correct rhizobia and paired with a grass like rye for support. It overwinters and fixes a large amount of nitrogen by spring bloom. Terminate at early flowering for maximum nitrogen and easy breakdown.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pearl-millet","common_name":"Pearl Millet","scientific_name":"Pennisetum glaucum","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"grass","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":68,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":10},"note":"Sow after last frost in warm soil; the most heat- and drought-tolerant warm-season cover grass, thriving in Gulf Coast summers."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":3},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Drill or broadcast seed 1/2 in deep into warm soil; pearl millet germinates and establishes faster than sorghum-sudangrass in sandy, low-fertility soils. It produces large amounts of biomass for smothering weeds and building organic matter, and tolerate short dry spells without wilting like corn or sorghum can. Mow or terminate before seed heads mature to prevent unwanted reseeding. Mix with cowpeas for a combined nitrogen-fixing and biomass cover.","sources":["USDA SARE cover crop guide","Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) cover crop charts"]},{"slug":"perennial-peanut","common_name":"Perennial Peanut","scientific_name":"Arachis glabrata","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":6},"note":"Plant rhizome sprigs in late spring once soil is warm; establishment is slow the first season but the stand fills in by year 2."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":10},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant rhizome sections 2–3 in deep in well-drained, sandy or loamy soil; perennial peanut tolerates poor, acidic soils typical of Gulf Coast landscapes. Establishment is slow the first year but the low, dense mat fixes nitrogen and crowds out weeds without mowing once established. It can be used as a lawn alternative, orchard under-planting, or living mulch in vegetable corridors. In zones 8–9 the top may freeze back in hard winters but the rhizomes resprout reliably from below ground.","sources":["University of Florida IFAS Extension","Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service"]},{"slug":"sorghum-sudangrass","common_name":"Sorghum-Sudangrass","scientific_name":"Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"grass","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":75},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":10},"note":"Sow after last frost when soil is above 65°F; produces massive biomass for weed suppression and soil building."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":3},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Broadcast or drill seed 3/4 in deep into warm soil; sorghum-sudangrass hybrids germinate and grow aggressively, reaching 6–8 feet before termination. The dense canopy suppresses even aggressive perennial weeds, and allelopathic root exudates further inhibit weed germination. Mow to 4–6 in to encourage regrowth and additional tillering before final termination; allow residue 2–3 weeks to partially break down before transplanting into it. Avoid planting in soybean rotations immediately after, as the sorghum-family residue can briefly stunt legume establishment.","sources":["USDA SARE cover crop guide","Midwest Cover Crops Council field guide"]},{"slug":"sunn-hemp","common_name":"Sunn Hemp","scientific_name":"Crotalaria juncea","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":8},"note":"Sow after last frost once soil is consistently warm; a standout warm-season nitrogen fixer and nematode suppressor for zone 9–11."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":3},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast or drill seed 1/2 in deep into warm, well-drained soil after danger of frost has passed. Sunn hemp grows rapidly — up to 6 feet in two months — and fixes 100–200 lb of nitrogen per acre while suppressing root-knot nematodes through root exudates. Terminate by mowing at first bloom (roughly 60–70 days) before seed set, since mature plants become woody and slow to decompose. Do not plant where livestock can graze, as the foliage contains alkaloids toxic to most grazing animals.","sources":["USDA SARE cover crop guide","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"daikon-tillage-radish","common_name":"Tillage Radish (Daikon Cover)","scientific_name":"Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-6},"note":"Sow 6–10 weeks before first frost; the deep taproot breaks up compacted soil and winter-kills in cold zones."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast seed about 1/2 in deep in late summer; the thick taproot drills deep and shatters compaction. In cold-winter areas it dies and rots in place, leaving channels and released nutrients. Where it survives, mow before it flowers to prevent seeding.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"winter-rye","common_name":"Winter Rye (Cereal Rye)","scientific_name":"Secale cereale","category":"cover-crop","subcategory":"grass","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":34,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":2},"note":"Sow from 6 weeks before to just after first frost; the most cold-hardy cover crop, germinating in near-freezing soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Broadcast seed at about 1/2 in depth in fall; it germinates in cold soil when little else will. It scavenges leftover nitrogen and smothers weeds over winter, then puts on fast spring growth. Mow and turn under 2–3 weeks before planting, as its residue briefly suppresses small seeds.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"marigold-african","common_name":"African Marigold","scientific_name":"Tagetes erecta","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after nights stay reliably above 50°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in a warm starting mix and keep evenly moist until germination. Transplant after all frost risk is gone, spacing larger varieties 12–18 in apart. Deadhead large pompom blooms as they fade to redirect energy to new buds. Tall varieties may need staking in exposed, windy sites.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"ageratum","common_name":"Ageratum (Floss Flower)","scientific_name":"Ageratum houstonianum","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost risk has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow dust-fine seed on the surface of moist starting mix without covering — light is essential for germination. Ageratum produces fluffy, powder-puff blooms that attract butterflies and beneficial insects. Shear plants back lightly when flowering slows or plants become leggy to promote a fresh flush of bloom. Consistent moisture is important, as dry conditions cause the plants to stop flowering.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"annual-phlox","common_name":"Annual Phlox","scientific_name":"Phlox drummondii","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; transplant is also possible starting 6–8 weeks early indoors."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep and cover lightly, as darkness can aid germination. Annual phlox prefers cool growing conditions and puts on its best show in spring and early summer. Deadhead spent clusters regularly to prevent seed set and keep flowers coming. In hot climates, plants may slow in midsummer heat; cut back and they will often rebloom as temperatures cool in fall.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"annual-salvia","common_name":"Annual Salvia","scientific_name":"Salvia splendens","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":12,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost danger has completely passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed on the surface of moist starting mix, barely pressing in, as light aids germination. Grow on under bright light to prevent tall, weak seedlings before transplanting. Remove spent spikes at their base to encourage a continuous succession of new flower stems. Annual salvia blooms from early summer until the first hard frost.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"annual-verbena","common_name":"Annual Verbena","scientific_name":"Verbena × hybrida","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep in moist starting mix; refrigerate seeds for 5–7 days before sowing to improve germination rates. Transplant after the last frost date into well-drained soil, as verbena is very susceptible to root rot in wet conditions. Shear plants back by one-third in midsummer if they become leggy to stimulate a fresh flush of bloom. Verbena thrives in heat and is drought tolerant once established.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"annual-vinca","common_name":"Annual Vinca (Catharanthus)","scientific_name":"Catharanthus roseus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost; transplant only when nights are consistently above 55°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in warm, moist starting mix and maintain soil temperature above 75°F for best germination. Annual vinca is self-cleaning and requires no deadheading, shedding spent blooms on its own. It excels in summer heat and humidity and is highly drought tolerant. Avoid planting in cold or wet soil, as chilling causes the foliage to yellow and growth to stall.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"asiatic-lily","common_name":"Asiatic Lily","scientific_name":"Lilium asiatic hybrids","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Plant bulbs in spring as soon as soil is workable, or in fall for early establishment."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bulbs scales-down at a depth of 3 times the bulb's height, typically 6–8 in deep, in well-drained, humus-rich soil. Lilies prefer cool roots but sunny tops; mulch the soil surface and underplant with low perennials to shade the root zone. Remove only spent flowers, never the stem and leaves, so the plant can photosynthesize and recharge the bulb. Red lily beetle is a serious pest in many regions; inspect plants regularly and remove beetles and larvae by hand.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"astilbe","common_name":"Astilbe","scientific_name":"Astilbe x arendsii","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":21,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring or early fall in moist, organically rich soil with adequate moisture."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"high","directions":"Plant crowns so the top of the rhizome sits 1–2 in below the soil surface in consistently moist, humus-rich soil — astilbe does not tolerate drought and will brown and decline quickly without adequate moisture. The feathery plumes in shades from white through pink to deep red are spectacular in shade and semi-shade gardens from late spring through summer. Leave the russet dried plumes standing through fall and winter for ornamental interest. Divide every 3–4 years in spring when flowering declines or the crown heaves above the soil surface.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bachelor-button","common_name":"Bachelor Button (Cornflower)","scientific_name":"Centaurea cyanus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before last frost; seeds germinate in cool soil and young plants are frost hardy. For fall bloom, sow again in late summer."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Direct sow seed 1/4 in deep in early spring as soon as the soil can be worked. Bachelor buttons resent transplanting due to a taproot and grow best when started in place. Deadhead spent flowers to prolong blooming, or allow a few to set seed for natural reseeding. Plants decline in summer heat; a second sowing in late summer yields a flush of fall bloom in cool climates.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bearded-iris","common_name":"Bearded Iris","scientific_name":"Iris germanica","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":270,"max":365},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-6},"note":"Plant rhizomes in late summer to early fall so roots establish before frost; divisions planted after midsummer bloom by the following spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Set rhizomes horizontally with the top surface exposed to the sun — never bury them, as iris borers and rot thrive under covered rhizomes. Plant in late summer after bloom, with the fan of leaves pointing in the direction you want growth to spread. Divide every 3–4 years when clumps become overcrowded, discarding the woody center and replanting healthy outer fans. Good drainage is essential; soggy soil causes rhizome rot.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bee-balm","common_name":"Bee Balm","scientific_name":"Monarda didyma","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring or fall in moist, well-drained soil with good air circulation."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in moist but well-drained soil rich in organic matter; good air circulation around plants is essential to minimize powdery mildew, their primary disease issue. The shaggy, two-lipped flowers are magnets for hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies from midsummer into fall. Deadhead spent blooms to extend flowering and cut plants back by one-third after the first flush to encourage a second wave. Divide every 2–3 years in spring because the spreading rhizomes exhaust the soil in the clump's center.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"black-eyed-susan","common_name":"Black-Eyed Susan","scientific_name":"Rudbeckia hirta","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow on or near last frost date; seeds need light to germinate so press onto soil surface."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seeds onto the soil surface — they need light to germinate and should not be covered. Plants often bloom their first year from an early start, flowering freely into fall. Deadhead to prolong blooming or allow seeds to self-sow for a naturalized planting. Rudbeckia fulgida varieties are longer-lived perennials; divide every 3 years to refresh the planting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"blanket-flower","common_name":"Blanket Flower","scientific_name":"Gaillardia x grandiflora","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; do not cover seeds, as light aids germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seeds onto the surface of moist growing medium and provide warmth (70–75°F) and bright light without covering; transplant after frost into sharply drained, even poor soil since gaillardia thrives on neglect. Deadhead spent blooms continuously to keep the bold red and yellow flowers coming from early summer through frost. Avoid clay soils and overwatering — wet conditions in winter are the primary cause of plant loss. Divide or replace plants every 2–3 years, as they tend to be short-lived perennials.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bleeding-heart","common_name":"Bleeding Heart","scientific_name":"Lamprocapnos spectabilis","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":30,"max":60},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":270,"max":365},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Plant bare-root crowns in early spring as soon as the soil can be worked; dormant division in fall is also successful."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant crowns 1–2 in deep in cool, humus-rich, consistently moist but well-drained soil in partial shade. Bleeding heart goes dormant by midsummer in warm climates — interplant with hostas, ferns, or other shade-lovers to fill the gap left when the foliage yellows and dies back. Divide clumps every 4–5 years in early spring just as new growth emerges; the fleshy roots are brittle, so handle with care. All parts of the plant are mildly toxic if ingested.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"breadseed-poppy","common_name":"Breadseed Poppy","scientific_name":"Papaver somniferum","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":20},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow in very early spring or fall; seeds germinate in cool soil and seedlings tolerate frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface sow by scattering seed on bare ground and pressing lightly without covering, as light aids germination. Breadseed poppies resent root disturbance and must be sown in place. Thin to 6–12 in when seedlings are 2 in tall. The ornamental seedpods are striking after petals drop and are valuable dried; harvest when the cap at the top turns from green to tan.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"butterfly-weed","common_name":"Butterfly Weed","scientific_name":"Asclepias tuberosa","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":21,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Cold-stratify seeds for 4–6 weeks in the refrigerator, then start indoors; or direct sow in fall for natural stratification and spring emergence."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Cold-stratify seeds by mixing with moist sand in a sealed bag and refrigerating for 30 days before sowing at soil surface — seeds need light and should not be covered. Butterfly weed has a deep taproot that makes it drought tolerant once established but very sensitive to transplanting; direct sowing or using deep individual cells causes the least disturbance. First-year plants rarely bloom, investing energy into root development; blooms appear reliably from the second year onward in vivid orange clusters that are among the most attractive nectar sources for monarchs and other butterflies. Leave seedheads through winter to self-sow and feed birds.","sources":["Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"calendula","common_name":"Calendula (Pot Marigold)","scientific_name":"Calendula officinalis","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before last frost in cool soil; young plants tolerate frost and prefer cool weather."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in cool, well-drained soil in early spring. Calendula prefers cool weather and will slow or stop blooming when summer heat arrives, often rebounding in fall. Deadhead consistently to prevent seed set and extend the blooming period. The ray petals are edible and can be used as a garnish or in salads.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"california-poppy","common_name":"California Poppy","scientific_name":"Eschscholzia californica","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":75},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow in early spring or fall; seeds need cool soil to germinate and tolerate light frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Scatter seed on the soil surface and rake lightly to cover 1/16–1/8 in deep. California poppies hate transplanting due to a delicate taproot, so sow where plants are to grow. They thrive in poor, dry soils and need little or no supplemental water once established. Deadhead to extend bloom, or let plants self-sow freely for a naturalized planting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"canna-lily","common_name":"Canna Lily","scientific_name":"Canna x generalis","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Plant rhizomes after the last frost when soil is warm; or start indoors in pots 4–6 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Plant rhizomes 2–4 in deep with the growing eyes pointing up after all frost danger has passed and soil has warmed; starting in pots indoors 4–6 weeks early extends the season in short-summer regions. Cannas are heavy feeders — apply a balanced slow-release fertilizer at planting and a monthly liquid feed during the growing season. Deadhead by removing the entire spent flower spike back to a side shoot to keep the display going. In zones below 8, dig rhizomes after frost, allow to dry for a day, then pack in barely moist peat or newspaper at 50–55°F for winter storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"catmint","common_name":"Catmint","scientific_name":"Nepeta x faassenii","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring or fall in well-drained soil; plants establish quickly and bloom the first season."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in lean, well-drained soil — catmint thrives in conditions that would challenge many perennials and blooms heavily from spring into early summer. Shear the entire plant back by one-half after the first flowering flush to refresh the mounding habit and trigger a second wave of lavender-blue flowers in late summer. The silvery-green aromatic foliage is deer-resistant and provides a reliable edging throughout the season. Divide in spring every 3–4 years or propagate from cuttings taken in late spring.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"celosia","common_name":"Celosia","scientific_name":"Celosia argentea","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant only after soil is warm, as cold temperatures cause stunted plants."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed on the surface of moist starting mix and lightly press in — seed needs light and warmth to germinate. Do not rush transplanting into cold soil, as chilling causes plants to stall and go prematurely to seed. Deadhead spent plumes on crested and feathered types to extend the display. Celosia makes an excellent dried flower; harvest spikes just as they reach full color.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"china-aster","common_name":"China Aster","scientific_name":"Callistephus chinensis","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost risk has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":15},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep in moist starting mix at 65–70°F. Rotate planting locations each year, as China asters are prone to Fusarium wilt when grown in the same soil repeatedly. Avoid overhead watering and ensure good air circulation to reduce disease pressure. Harvest cut flowers when petals are just beginning to open fully for maximum vase life.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cleome","common_name":"Cleome (Spider Flower)","scientific_name":"Cleome hassleriana","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow at or 2 weeks before last frost; cold stratification of seed for 7 days in the refrigerator improves germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seed lightly onto the soil surface with barely 1/8 in of cover — light aids germination. Cleome self-sows prolifically and can become weedy; deadhead to limit reseeding if preferred. The tall, airy flower heads open from the base upward over several weeks, providing an extended season of bloom. Handle plants with care as stems bear small spines and the foliage has a musky scent.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"columbine","common_name":"Columbine","scientific_name":"Aquilegia spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":21,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow in fall for natural cold stratification, or cold-stratify seeds indoors for 3–4 weeks before spring sowing."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds shallowly on the soil surface and provide 3–4 weeks of cold stratification (fall sowing outdoors achieves this naturally) to break dormancy. Columbines bloom most freely in their second and third years and are prolific self-seeders that will hybridize freely, creating a constantly shifting mix of colors. Leafminer damage creates white tunnels in the foliage but rarely threatens plant health; remove affected leaves and dispose of them. Plants are short-lived perennials (3–5 years) but the colony self-perpetuates readily through self-seeding.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"coreopsis","common_name":"Coreopsis","scientific_name":"Coreopsis grandiflora","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow around last frost date; seeds tolerate light frost and germinate best in cool soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed on the soil surface and tamp lightly; good drainage is essential since coreopsis rots in wet soil over winter. Deadhead regularly to keep the bright yellow flowers coming all summer. Shear plants back by half after the first flush to encourage compact regrowth and a second bloom. Divide clumps every 2–3 years in spring to prevent the center from dying out.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cosmos","common_name":"Cosmos","scientific_name":"Cosmos bipinnatus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow after last frost; cosmos thrives in poor soil and needs no fertilizing."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seed lightly onto the soil surface and cover with 1/4 in of fine soil. Cosmos germinates best in poor, well-drained soil — avoid fertilizing, which promotes foliage over flowers. Pinch young plants at 12 in to encourage branching. Deadhead regularly or allow seed to set for self-sowing the following year.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"crocus","common_name":"Crocus","scientific_name":"Crocus spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-6},"note":"Plant corms in fall, 6–10 weeks before the ground freezes, for late-winter to early-spring bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":3,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"spread_in":{"min":3,"max":4},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant corms pointed side up at a depth of 3–4 in in well-drained soil; they naturalize quickly and look best planted in large, informal drifts. Squirrels frequently dig freshly planted corms, so covering the bed with wire mesh until the ground freezes can protect plantings. Foliage is narrow and grassy; allow it to die back completely before removing. Species crocus tend to be more reliably perennial than large-flowered Dutch types.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"daffodil","common_name":"Daffodil","scientific_name":"Narcissus spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":210},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Plant bulbs in fall, 4–8 weeks before the ground freezes, for spring bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":20},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bulbs in fall at a depth of 3 times the bulb's height (typically 6–8 in) in well-drained soil with the pointed end up. Daffodils naturalize readily and multiply over time; deer and rodents avoid them because the bulbs are mildly toxic. Allow foliage to yellow and die back naturally — at least 6 weeks — so the bulb can store energy for next year's bloom. Divide congested clumps every 5–7 years when flowering diminishes.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"dahlia","common_name":"Dahlia","scientific_name":"Dahlia pinnata","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Plant tubers after the last frost date when soil has warmed to at least 60°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant tubers horizontally 4–6 in deep with the eye pointing up after the last frost when soil reaches 60°F; set a stake at planting time to avoid spearing the tuber later. Pinch the growing tip when plants are 12 in tall to encourage branching and more flowers. In zones below 8, dig tubers after the first killing frost, cure them for a week, then store in slightly damp peat at 40–50°F through winter. Disbudding side buds around the main bud produces exhibition-quality blooms.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"daylily","common_name":"Daylily","scientific_name":"Hemerocallis hybrida","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant bare-root divisions in spring or fall; set crowns just 1 in below soil level."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant fans with the crown about 1 in deep, spreading roots outward over a small mound of soil in the hole. Water thoroughly after planting and keep consistently moist the first season. Divide overcrowded clumps every 4–5 years in early spring or late summer when bloom quality declines. Removing spent scapes after all buds have opened keeps the planting tidy.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"delphinium","common_name":"Delphinium","scientific_name":"Delphinium elatum","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start seeds indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost; fresh seed germinates best and benefits from 1–2 weeks of cold stratification."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Use fresh seed — viability drops quickly in storage — and cold-stratify for 1–2 weeks before sowing at 60–70°F for best germination. Transplant after the last frost into rich, well-drained, slightly alkaline soil and stake early, as the tall spikes are highly susceptible to wind damage. Cut flower spikes back to basal foliage after the first bloom to encourage a second, smaller flush in late summer. All parts of the plant are toxic; all plant contact should be followed by hand washing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"false-indigo","common_name":"False Indigo","scientific_name":"Baptisia australis","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":21,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow in fall for natural cold stratification, or scarify and cold-stratify seeds before spring planting."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Scarify seeds and cold-stratify for 4–6 weeks before spring sowing, or direct sow in fall to let natural winter conditions break dormancy. Baptisia is a slow-starting plant — expect minimal bloom for the first 2–3 years, but once established, the clump requires virtually no care and lives for decades. The indigo-blue lupine-like flower spikes appear in late spring and are followed by attractive, inflated seedpods that rattle in the wind. Do not attempt to transplant established plants, as the deep taproot does not tolerate disturbance.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"firebush","common_name":"Firebush","scientific_name":"Hamelia patens","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container stock after last frost; firebush is a Florida and Gulf Coast native that quickly reaches shrub size and blooms nonstop in summer heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":96},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":96},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in any well-drained soil in full sun; firebush tolerates heat, drought, and poor soils once established and reblooms continuously from late spring through frost. The tubular orange-red flowers are magnets for hummingbirds and butterflies, while the small black fruits that follow attract songbirds — making it one of the most wildlife-productive native shrubs for Gulf Coast gardens. In zone 8–9 the top freezes back in winter, but the plant regrows vigorously from the base each spring; cut dead stems to the ground once new growth begins. Native firebush (var. patens) is superior to the commonly sold 'Compacta' cultivar for wildlife value and cold hardiness.","sources":["Florida Native Plant Society","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"nicotiana","common_name":"Flowering Tobacco (Nicotiana)","scientific_name":"Nicotiana alata","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":20},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface sow tiny seed on moist starting mix under bright light — do not cover, as seed is extremely small and needs light to germinate. Nicotiana tolerates partial shade better than most annuals and performs well in dappled light. Fragrant varieties release scent primarily in the evening, making them ideal planted near a patio or window. Deadhead spent flower clusters to encourage continuous blooming.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"four-o-clock","common_name":"Four O'Clock","scientific_name":"Mirabilis jalapa","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow after last frost when soil is warm; can also start indoors 4–6 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/4–1/2 in deep in a warm, sunny location after the last frost. Four o'clocks form a tuberous root and tolerate drought well once established. Flowers open in late afternoon and remain open through the following morning, releasing a sweet fragrance that attracts sphinx moths. Plants self-sow prolifically and the fleshy roots can be dug and stored in frost-prone areas.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"foxglove","common_name":"Foxglove","scientific_name":"Digitalis purpurea","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; seeds need light and should not be covered."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Press seeds onto the surface of moist potting mix under bright light — do not cover, as light aids germination. Foxgloves are biennial or short-lived perennials; most produce a rosette in year 1 and the spectacular tall spikes in year 2 before setting seed and dying. Cutting the main spike after bloom often stimulates smaller side spikes for additional flowers, and self-sowing keeps the planting going indefinitely. All parts of the plant are highly toxic; use caution and wash hands thoroughly after handling.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"marigold-french","common_name":"French Marigold","scientific_name":"Tagetes patula","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":60},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix. Pinch out the first flower bud to encourage bushier branching and heavier bloom set. Deadhead spent flowers regularly to keep plants producing through summer. Blooms appear approximately 6–8 weeks after transplant and continue until frost.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"garden-mum","common_name":"Garden Mum","scientific_name":"Chrysanthemum x morifolium","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":18},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":6},"note":"Plant divisions or rooted cuttings in spring, 2–6 weeks after the last frost, for fall bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in spring into fertile, well-drained soil; pinch growing tips every 2–3 weeks from planting until midsummer (around July 4) to develop compact, well-branched plants with dozens of buds. Mums are short-day plants that begin flower bud formation as nights lengthen; stop pinching by midsummer to avoid disrupting this process. Mulch heavily after the first hard frost to improve winter hardiness in colder zones. Divide annually in spring to rejuvenate the planting and maintain plant vigor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"garden-phlox","common_name":"Garden Phlox","scientific_name":"Phlox paniculata","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring as new growth emerges or in early fall for establishment before frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in moist, well-drained, humus-rich soil with good air circulation to reduce powdery mildew, which is the plant's main problem. Thin stems to 5–7 per clump in spring to improve airflow and produce larger flower trusses on the remaining stems. Deadhead the central flower cluster as it fades to encourage lateral buds to open and extend the bloom season. Divide every 3 years in spring, replanting only the outermost, most vigorous sections.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"gladiolus","common_name":"Gladiolus","scientific_name":"Gladiolus spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":6},"note":"Plant corms after the last frost; make successive plantings every 2 weeks through early summer for extended bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant corms 4–6 in deep in well-drained soil with the pointed end up after the last frost; succession plant every 2 weeks through midsummer for continuous cut flowers. Tall varieties need staking; a single bamboo cane tied loosely to the stem works well. In zones below 7, dig corms after frost blackens the foliage, dry for 2–3 weeks, remove offsets (cormels), and store at 35–45°F in mesh bags through winter. Harvest cut spikes when the lowest 2–3 buds show color for longest vase life.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"gomphrena","common_name":"Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth)","scientific_name":"Gomphrena globosa","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix; soak seed overnight to speed germination. Gomphrena thrives in heat and humidity and is highly drought tolerant once established. The clover-like flowers hold their color and shape exceptionally well when dried — harvest stems just as the heads reach full color. Deadheading encourages continuous fresh bloom throughout the summer.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hardy-geranium","common_name":"Hardy Geranium","scientific_name":"Geranium spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring or fall; tolerates a wide range of soil conditions once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in well-drained soil in a location with morning sun and afternoon shade; hardy geraniums are adaptable to poor soils and are generally low-maintenance once established. Shear plants back by one-half after the initial bloom to refresh the foliage and encourage a second flush of flowers. The attractive lobed leaves often turn red or orange in fall, extending the ornamental season. Divide every 3–5 years in spring to reinvigorate the planting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hellebore","common_name":"Hellebore","scientific_name":"Helleborus x hybridus","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":30,"max":60},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring or early fall in humus-rich, well-drained shade; transplanted divisions establish more reliably than seed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"shade","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant with the crown at soil level in well-drained, humus-rich soil in dappled to full shade — morning sun is tolerated, but afternoon sun causes leaf scorch. Hellebores bloom in late winter to early spring, often through snow, and the nodding flowers face downward; tipping the pot or planting on a slope allows a better view of the flower interior. Remove old foliage in late winter before new growth emerges to improve air circulation and reduce leaf spot diseases. Hellebores self-sow freely, and seedlings from hybrid plants will vary; divide named selections in early spring to maintain specific colors.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hollyhock","common_name":"Hollyhock","scientific_name":"Alcea rosea","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow in spring around the last frost date or in late summer for bloom the following year."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep; hollyhocks are biennial or short-lived perennials that flower the second year from seed and self-sow freely to maintain the planting. Rust fungus is the most common disease — look for orange pustules on leaf undersides and remove affected foliage promptly, avoiding overhead watering. Plant against walls or fences and provide loose staking for the tall, top-heavy flowering spikes. Allow some seed to mature and fall to keep the colony self-renewing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hosta","common_name":"Hosta","scientific_name":"Hosta spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring as new growth emerges or in fall at least 6 weeks before frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":60},"sun":"shade","water":"moderate","directions":"Set crowns at soil level in humus-rich, consistently moist soil; avoid planting too deep or crowns may rot. Hostas tolerate deep shade but produce their best foliage color with 2–4 hours of dappled morning light. Divide large clumps every 4–5 years in early spring by slicing through the crown with a sharp spade. Slugs are the primary pest; use iron phosphate bait around vulnerable new growth.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hyacinth","common_name":"Hyacinth","scientific_name":"Hyacinthus orientalis","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":210},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Plant bulbs in fall, 4–8 weeks before hard frost, for intensely fragrant spring bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bulbs at a depth of 6–8 in (about 3 times the bulb height) in well-drained soil with the pointed end up; wear gloves as the bulb sap can irritate sensitive skin. Hyacinths produce their most spectacular, dense spikes in year 1; subsequent years yield looser, more relaxed flower clusters that many gardeners find charming. Allow foliage to yellow completely before removing it so the bulb can replenish its energy. In warm climates (zones 8+), lift and chill bulbs for 6 weeks before replanting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"impatiens","common_name":"Impatiens","scientific_name":"Impatiens walleriana","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost risk has passed and nights are warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":18},"sun":"shade","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow tiny seed on the surface of moist starting mix without covering — light is required for germination. Impatiens are one of the most reliable shade-tolerant annuals and will self-clean most spent flowers. Pinch plants back once after transplanting to encourage compact, bushy growth. Water consistently; wilting in heat is common and plants recover overnight, but chronic drought reduces flowering.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"larkspur","common_name":"Larkspur","scientific_name":"Consolida ajacis","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow in early spring 4–8 weeks before last frost, or sow in fall in mild climates for early spring bloom. Seeds need cold stratification and prefer cool soil to germinate."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep directly in the garden as early as the ground can be worked — larkspur germinates best in cool soil below 65°F and may fail to sprout if the weather turns warm. Do not start indoors, as plants have taproots that do not transplant well. Thin to 9–12 in to promote sturdy stems. Allow some seed to fall for reliable self-sowing in subsequent years.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"love-lies-bleeding","common_name":"Love-Lies-Bleeding (Amaranth)","scientific_name":"Amaranthus caudatus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow after last frost when soil is warm; do not start too early indoors as plants grow quickly and become rootbound."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed on the soil surface and press lightly — seed needs light to germinate. Direct sowing is preferred as plants grow fast and resent transplanting. Thin seedlings to 18–24 in to allow the dramatic, rope-like crimson tassels to develop fully. The hanging panicles can be cut and hung upside down to dry when they reach full length.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lupine","common_name":"Lupine","scientific_name":"Lupinus polyphyllus","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow outdoors in early spring or fall; nick or soak seeds overnight to improve germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Scarify seeds with sandpaper or soak overnight in water to soften the hard seed coat before sowing 1/4 in deep in cool, slightly acidic, well-drained soil. Lupines fix atmospheric nitrogen via root nodules and thrive in lean soils without heavy fertilization — too much nitrogen promotes foliage over flowers. They prefer cool summers; in hot climates, they often perform as cool-season annuals, blooming in late spring and fading by midsummer. Deadhead promptly after the first flowering spike fades to encourage a second flush and prevent excessive self-seeding.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"mexican-bush-sage","common_name":"Mexican Bush Sage","scientific_name":"Salvia leucantha","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":150},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container stock after last frost; Mexican bush sage blooms in fall and is the showiest late-season salvia for zone 8–11 landscapes."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in well-drained, moderately fertile soil in full sun; Mexican bush sage is drought tolerant once established and demands good drainage over fertility. It is a short-day plant that blooms from September through frost, producing velvety purple flower spikes loved by hummingbirds and bumblebees; the later into fall it blooms, the more spectacular the display. Cut the entire plant back to 6–8 in after the last hard freeze in late winter to stimulate dense new basal growth. Propagate easily by dividing the clump in spring or rooting stem cuttings in moist perlite.","sources":["Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"mexican-sunflower","common_name":"Mexican Sunflower","scientific_name":"Tithonia rotundifolia","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost danger passes — one of the best heat-loving annuals for attracting butterflies and hummingbirds."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix; transplant carefully as Tithonia dislikes root disturbance — use biodegradable pots if starting indoors. Mexican sunflower thrives in heat, poor soil, and dry conditions, making it ideal for back-of-border plantings in Gulf Coast summers when other annuals falter. The vivid orange, 3-inch daisy-like flowers are irresistible to monarch butterflies, swallowtails, and hummingbirds from midsummer through frost. Deadhead regularly by cutting stems (not just the flower head) back to a side shoot to maintain tidy plants and prolong heavy bloom.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"moonflower","common_name":"Moonflower","scientific_name":"Ipomoea alba","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Start indoors 2–4 weeks before last frost after nicking or soaking seed; transplant after all frost risk has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nick or soak seeds in warm water for 12 hours before sowing 1/2 in deep. Moonflower is a vigorous, fast-growing vine that needs a strong trellis or fence. Unlike morning glories, its large, fragrant white blossoms open in the evening and remain open through the night and into the following morning. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers to encourage blooming.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"morning-glory","common_name":"Morning Glory","scientific_name":"Ipomoea purpurea","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":1},"note":"Direct sow after last frost when soil is warm; or nick and soak seed overnight then start indoors 2–4 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nick the hard seed coat with a file or soak in warm water for 8–12 hours before sowing 1/2 in deep to speed germination. Morning glories need a fence, trellis, or other support and are best sown directly at the base of their support. Avoid over-fertilizing, which promotes leaves at the expense of flowers. Blooms open in the morning and close by afternoon on each individual day.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"nasturtium","common_name":"Nasturtium","scientific_name":"Tropaeolum majus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":35,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks before last frost; nasturtiums prefer cool soil and bolt in summer heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Soak large seeds overnight then direct sow 1/2 in deep in poor, well-drained soil. Avoid fertilizing, as rich soil produces lush leaves at the expense of flowers. Deadhead spent blooms to prolong the season, or allow them to set seed and collect for next year. Both flowers and leaves are edible with a peppery flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"new-england-aster","common_name":"New England Aster","scientific_name":"Symphyotrichum novae-angliae","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":240,"max":300},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; cold stratification for 4–6 weeks improves germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Cold-stratify seeds for 4–6 weeks in a damp paper towel in the refrigerator before sowing indoors to improve germination rates. Pinch plants back by one-third in late spring to encourage bushier growth and delay bloom until fall, when their purple flowers are invaluable for pollinators. Tall varieties may need staking or can be grown through a peony cage. Divide clumps every 2–3 years in early spring to maintain vigor and prevent the center from dying out.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"ornamental-allium","common_name":"Ornamental Allium","scientific_name":"Allium spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":180,"max":240},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Plant bulbs in fall, 4–8 weeks before the ground freezes, for late-spring to early-summer bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant bulbs in fall at a depth of 3 times their diameter in sharply drained soil; the large-flowered types like 'Globemaster' can be planted 12 in deep for stability. Foliage often begins to yellow while the flowers are still in bloom — interplanting with perennials helps mask the dying leaves. Deer and rodents avoid alliums, making them a good choice for wildlife-prone gardens. Spherical seedheads are ornamentally interesting and can be dried for arrangements.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pansy","common_name":"Pansy","scientific_name":"Viola × wittrockiana","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-14,"max":-12},"note":"Start indoors 12–14 weeks before last frost for spring planting, or start in late summer for fall transplanting. Plants tolerate hard frost once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep in a moist starting mix; cover the tray with dark plastic as darkness aids germination. Transplant outdoors several weeks before the last frost, as cool weather brings out the richest colors and most abundant bloom. Deadhead spent flowers regularly to prevent seed set, which stops flowering. Plants decline as summer heat arrives; remove and replace with heat-tolerant annuals.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"penstemon","common_name":"Penstemon","scientific_name":"Penstemon digitalis","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":365},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; seeds benefit from 4 weeks of cold stratification."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Cold-stratify seeds for 4 weeks in damp medium in the refrigerator before sowing indoors for best germination; transplant after the last frost into well-drained to dry soil. Penstemon thrives in poor, gravelly soil and is one of the most important native nectar plants for hummingbirds and native bees. The tubular white to pale pink flowers appear in late spring to early summer; deadhead to a basal rosette of leaves after bloom. Excellent drainage is critical — wet winter conditions are the leading cause of plant loss.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"peony","common_name":"Peony","scientific_name":"Paeonia lactiflora","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Plant bare-root divisions in fall 4–6 weeks before the ground freezes; eyes no deeper than 1–2 in below soil surface."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant roots with the pink eyes no more than 1–2 in below the soil surface — planting too deeply is the most common reason peonies fail to bloom. Peonies require 6 weeks of temperatures below 40°F to set flower buds, so they need cold winters and are not suited to zones 9+. Expect minimal bloom the first 1–2 years as the plant establishes; mature plants can live 50+ years with little care. Cut foliage to the ground in fall to remove potential disease inoculum.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"perennial-salvia","common_name":"Perennial Salvia","scientific_name":"Salvia nemorosa","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after frost danger passes in well-drained soil; established plants are drought-tolerant."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in well-drained soil — perennial salvia is exceptionally heat- and drought-tolerant once established and will rot in soggy conditions. Shear plants back by one-third to one-half after the first flush of deep violet-blue spikes fades to trigger a strong second (and sometimes third) bloom. The aromatic foliage deters deer and rabbits, making it a reliable choice for wildlife-challenged gardens. Divide clumps every 3–4 years in early spring to keep them vigorous.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"petunia","common_name":"Petunia","scientific_name":"Petunia × hybrida","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow tiny seed on the surface of moist starting mix — do not cover, as petunias need light to germinate. Pinch transplants by one-third when planting to encourage branching. Deadhead or shear back leggy plants by half in midsummer to renew vigor and flush of bloom. Feed every two weeks with a balanced liquid fertilizer for best performance.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"portulaca","common_name":"Portulaca (Moss Rose)","scientific_name":"Portulaca grandiflora","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow on the soil surface after last frost when soil is warm; seed needs warmth and light to germinate."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Scatter seed on the surface of sandy or gritty soil and press lightly — do not cover seed, as light is needed for germination. Portulaca is one of the most drought- and heat-tolerant annuals available, thriving in poor, dry soil where other flowers fail. Blooms open in full sun and close at night or in cloudy weather; modern varieties stay open longer. Self-sows readily in warm climates.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"purple-coneflower","common_name":"Purple Coneflower","scientific_name":"Echinacea purpurea","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost or direct sow in fall for natural cold stratification."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/8 in deep; cold stratification for 4–8 weeks improves germination rates significantly. Transplant after last frost into well-drained soil — established plants tolerate drought well. Flowers typically appear in year 2 from seed; deadhead spent blooms to extend the season or leave seedheads for birds. Divide clumps every 3–4 years in spring to maintain vigor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"russian-sage","common_name":"Russian Sage","scientific_name":"Perovskia atriplicifolia","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after last frost in lean, well-drained soil; established plants are extremely drought-tolerant."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in poor to average, sharply drained soil in full sun — Russian sage declines quickly in fertile or moist soil and is highly susceptible to root rot in clay. Cut plants back hard in early spring (to about 6 in) just as new basal growth emerges; do not cut back in fall as the woody framework helps protect the crown. The airy silver stems and lavender-blue flowers create a haze of color from midsummer through fall and are beloved by pollinators. Deer avoid this plant due to its strongly aromatic foliage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sedum-stonecrop","common_name":"Sedum / Stonecrop","scientific_name":"Sedum spectabile / Hylotelephium spectabile","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring or fall; division is easily done by digging and separating rooted stems."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in any well-drained soil — even poor, gravelly soil suits sedum perfectly; overly rich or moist soil causes floppy, open-centered plants. Tall sedums may flop in midseason; pinch once in late spring or grow through a support ring to keep them upright. Leave the russet seedheads standing through winter as they are attractive and provide structure in the dormant garden. Divide every 3–4 years in spring by separating the fleshy crown sections.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"shasta-daisy","common_name":"Shasta Daisy","scientific_name":"Leucanthemum x superbum","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":365},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost danger passes."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds on the surface of moist potting mix and keep at 60–70°F for germination; transplant after the last frost into well-drained soil. Shasta daisies often bloom lightly the first year from seed and fully the second year — named cultivars from division or plugs bloom more reliably in year 1. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage repeat blooming from midsummer into fall. Divide clumps every 2–3 years in spring, discarding the woody center and replanting vigorous outer sections.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"snapdragon","common_name":"Snapdragon","scientific_name":"Antirrhinum majus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant 2–4 weeks before last frost as plants tolerate light frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Press seed onto the surface of moist starting mix and do not cover — seed needs light to germinate. Pinch seedlings once to promote multiple spikes. Transplant to the garden a few weeks before the last frost, as snapdragons thrive in cool conditions and can tolerate a light freeze. After the primary spike blooms, cut it off to encourage a second flush from side branches.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"statice","common_name":"Statice","scientific_name":"Limonium sinuatum","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":72},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant 2–3 weeks before last frost as plants tolerate mild frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":15},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep in moist starting mix; seeds come in a papery casing and germination is slow. Statice prefers cool conditions early in the season. Harvest flower stems for drying when 75% of the florets on each branch have opened. The papery calyces — which hold their color dried — are the ornamental part; the true petals are tiny and brief.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"stock","common_name":"Stock","scientific_name":"Matthiola incana","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant 2–4 weeks before last frost as young plants tolerate light frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed on the surface of moist starting mix — light aids germination, so cover with only the thinnest layer of vermiculite if at all. Stock thrives in cool weather (55–65°F nights) and the fragrance is intensified by cool temperatures. Transplant to the garden in early spring; plants begin to decline when daytime temperatures consistently exceed 80°F. Cut flowers when one-third of the buds on the spike are open for the longest vase life.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"strawflower","common_name":"Strawflower","scientific_name":"Xerochrysum bracteatum","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost risk has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed on the surface of moist starting mix and press lightly — light aids germination, so barely cover seed. Strawflowers tolerate drought and poor soils remarkably well. For drying, harvest stems when the central button of each head is still closed, before the outer bracts fully open; they will continue to open as they dry. Deadhead garden plants regularly to maintain continuous bloom.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sunflower","common_name":"Sunflower","scientific_name":"Helianthus annuus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or just after last frost when soil is warm; succession sow every 2–3 weeks for extended bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Direct sow seed 1 in deep after the last frost date, thinning to final spacing once seedlings reach 6 in tall. Sunflowers prefer poor-to-average soil and resent transplanting due to a taproot. Single-stemmed types bloom once; branching varieties produce multiple heads if cut regularly. Harvest seed heads when the back of the head turns yellow-brown and seeds feel firm.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sweet-alyssum","common_name":"Sweet Alyssum","scientific_name":"Lobularia maritima","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":40,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; alyssum tolerates light frost and prefers cool weather."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":3,"max":8},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Scatter seed on the soil surface and press gently — light aids germination; just barely cover if needed to prevent the seed from blowing away. Sweet alyssum may slow or stop blooming in peak summer heat; shear plants back by half and they will rebound strongly when temperatures cool in early fall. The honey-scented flowers attract beneficial insects throughout the season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sweet-pea","common_name":"Sweet Pea","scientific_name":"Lathyrus odoratus","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow outdoors 4–8 weeks before last frost; seeds prefer cool soil (55–65°F) and young plants tolerate frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nick or soak seeds overnight before sowing 1 in deep in cool, enriched soil at the base of a trellis. Sweet peas perform best during cool weather and decline as summer heat arrives — sow as early as possible. Cut flowers frequently, as even a few fading blooms left on the plant will trigger seed set and halt blooming. Provide sturdy support from the start, as vines climb to 4–6 ft.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"tropical-milkweed","common_name":"Tropical Milkweed","scientific_name":"Asclepias curassavica","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; in zone 8–11 it acts as a short-lived perennial and blooms from spring through hard frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/8 in deep in warm starting mix and transplant after frost danger has passed; tropical milkweed establishes quickly and blooms in its first season unlike most native milkweeds. It is an important monarch host plant and nectar source throughout the Gulf Coast growing season, but in zone 9–11 where it does not freeze back, cut plants to 6 in in fall and winter to disrupt the overwinter buildup of Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), a protozoan parasite that accumulates on non-dormant milkweed. Deadhead spent flower clusters to encourage continuous blooming, or allow seedpods to dry and open for easy self-sowing. The red-and-yellow bicolor flowers distinguish it from native milkweeds at a glance.","sources":["Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"tulip","common_name":"Tulip","scientific_name":"Tulipa spp.","category":"flower","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":null,"germination_soil_temp_f":null,"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":210},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-4},"note":"Plant bulbs in fall when soil temperatures drop below 55°F, about 4–8 weeks before hard frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":26},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bulbs pointed end up at a depth of 3 times their height, typically 6–8 in deep, in well-drained soil — standing water will cause rot. In warmer zones (7–8), pre-chill bulbs for 6–8 weeks in the refrigerator before planting to simulate the cold period they need. Most hybrid tulips perform best in year 1; replanting fresh bulbs annually is common practice in mild climates. Allow leaves to die back naturally after bloom to recharge the bulb.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"turks-cap","common_name":"Turk's Cap","scientific_name":"Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":21,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":180,"max":365},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container stock after last frost; an extremely tough Texas native that thrives in heat, part shade, and dry soils where few flowering shrubs will grow."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":84},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"sun":"partial","water":"low","directions":"Plant in well-drained to average soil in partial to full sun; Turk's cap is one of the most shade-tolerant flowering natives for the Gulf South and performs well under the canopy of live oaks. The distinctive red flowers never fully open, forming a twisted turban shape, and are a top hummingbird nectar source from summer through fall. Small red fruits that follow are edible and mildly sweet — birds devour them quickly, and new plants sprout readily from seeds they drop. Prune back to 12–18 in in late winter; in zone 7–8 the top dies back but the roots are reliably hardy to about 10°F.","sources":["Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center"]},{"slug":"veronica-speedwell","common_name":"Veronica / Speedwell","scientific_name":"Veronica spicata","category":"flower","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions in spring or fall in well-drained soil; excellent drought tolerance once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in well-drained soil in full sun; speedwell is notably drought-tolerant and performs poorly in soggy or heavy clay conditions. The upright spikes of blue, pink, or white flowers bloom from late spring into summer and are excellent for cutting. Deadhead by removing spent spikes back to a lateral bud or leaf to extend the flowering period and prevent excessive self-seeding. Divide every 3–4 years in early spring to maintain vigor and an attractive mounding habit.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"viola","common_name":"Viola (Johnny Jump-Up)","scientific_name":"Viola tricolor","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost; transplant several weeks before last frost as plants tolerate mild freezes."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep in a cool, moist starting mix; darkness during germination is beneficial. Violas are more petite and heat-tolerant than pansies, often self-sowing prolifically in the garden. Deadhead to extend flowering, or allow seed to set for naturalized self-seeding the following year. They shine in early spring containers and border edges.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"wax-begonia","common_name":"Wax Begonia","scientific_name":"Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost due to slow growth; transplant after frost danger has fully passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow dust-fine seed on the surface of moist, sterile starting mix under bright light — do not cover, as seed needs light to germinate. Start early as wax begonias are slow growers before transplant size. These self-cleaning plants rarely need deadheading, blooming continuously from spring through frost. Bronze-leaved cultivars tolerate more direct sun than green-leaved types.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"zinnia","common_name":"Zinnia","scientific_name":"Zinnia elegans","category":"flower","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":1},"note":"Direct sow after last frost when soil temperature is above 65°F; also easy to start indoors 4–6 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep directly in the garden once frost risk is past and soil is warm. Pinch seedlings at 6 in tall to promote branching and a fuller plant with more stems for cutting. Cut flowers frequently to the next set of leaves to stimulate continuous bloom through summer. Avoid overhead watering to reduce powdery mildew; water at the base.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"almond","common_name":"Almond","scientific_name":"Prunus dulcis","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut / stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter before bud break; almonds bloom very early and need a frost-free spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":180,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":144,"max":216},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Almonds bloom earlier than almost any other tree fruit and are severely damaged by late spring frosts, which is why commercial production is limited to Mediterranean-type climates. Most varieties require a cross-pollinator — plant at least two compatible cultivars (Non-Pareil with Carmel or Price, for example). Trees thrive in well-drained, alkaline to neutral soils and are drought-tolerant once established. Harvest when the hulls split open and the shells dry and harden, typically in late summer; spread nuts to dry for two weeks before storing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"american-persimmon","common_name":"American Persimmon","scientific_name":"Diospyros virginiana","category":"fruit","subcategory":"berry-like drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":2190,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Plant in early spring; persimmons have a deep taproot so handle with care and disturb roots as little as possible."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":180,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":180,"max":480},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"American persimmon is dioecious — male and female flowers occur on separate trees — so plant at least one of each for reliable fruiting, though some populations produce fruit without pollination. It is exceptionally cold-hardy and tolerant of poor soils, making it one of the easiest native fruit trees. Fruit is intensely astringent until fully ripe and soft, usually after the first hard freeze; pick after the flesh has turned translucent orange and jelly-soft. Little pruning is needed beyond removing dead or crossing wood.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"apple","common_name":"Apple","scientific_name":"Malus domestica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"pome fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring while still dormant, before buds break."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant bare-root stock in well-drained soil, spreading roots carefully; stake dwarf trees for the first two seasons. Most varieties require a second cultivar nearby for cross-pollination — check chill-hour requirements to match your climate (600–1200 hours for standard types, under 400 for low-chill selections). Prune annually in late dormancy to an open-center or central-leader form to improve light penetration and air flow. Harvest when fruit separates with a gentle upward twist and seeds have turned brown, 2–5 years after planting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"apricot","common_name":"Apricot","scientific_name":"Prunus armeniaca","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-2},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter, as early as the soil can be worked, to allow root establishment before bloom."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Most apricot varieties are self-fertile, which simplifies home-orchard planting, but two trees will increase yields. The key limiting factor in temperate climates is the tree's early bloom time — a hard frost after bud break will eliminate the crop, so choose a sheltered north-facing or slightly elevated site to delay bloom, or select late-blooming cultivars. Prune in early summer rather than winter to reduce risk of cytospora canker infection. Harvest when the fruit is fully orange, fragrant, and gives slightly to the touch.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"asian-pear","common_name":"Asian Pear","scientific_name":"Pyrus pyrifolia","category":"fruit","subcategory":"pome fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring; in mild-winter zones plant in fall."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Asian pears ripen on the tree — unlike European pears they do not need post-harvest ripening — so taste-test for sweetness before picking. Most varieties are self-unfruitful and yield best with a second Asian pear or even a compatible European variety nearby. Chill requirements are moderate (450–700 hours), making many selections suitable for zones 5–9. Annual thinning of fruit clusters to one per spur prevents limb breakage and encourages larger, better-flavored fruit.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"asian-persimmon","common_name":"Asian Persimmon","scientific_name":"Diospyros kaki","category":"fruit","subcategory":"berry-like drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2920},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after frost danger has passed; fall planting is fine in zones 8–10."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Asian persimmons come in astringent types (such as Hachiya, best eaten when jelly-soft) and non-astringent types (such as Fuyu, eaten firm like an apple). Most cultivars are self-fertile and produce well as single trees. Trees need very little pruning — maintain a central leader and remove inward-growing branches to open the canopy. In cooler parts of zone 7, choose hardier varieties and site against a south-facing wall; in zones 9–10, low-chill cultivars perform best.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"avocado","common_name":"Avocado","scientific_name":"Persea americana","category":"fruit","subcategory":"drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2555},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring when all frost risk is past and soil is warm; avoid planting in summer heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":144,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":144,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Avocados bear Type A flowers (open as female in the morning) and Type B flowers (open as female in the afternoon); planting one of each type near each other ensures pollen is available throughout the day and greatly increases fruit set. Grafted trees begin fruiting in 3–5 years; seedlings may take 8–10 years. Avocados are sensitive to root rot in heavy or poorly drained soils — plant on a mound or raised bed and irrigate deeply but infrequently. Fruit does not ripen on the tree; pick when full-sized and let ripen at room temperature for 3–8 days.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"black-walnut","common_name":"Black Walnut","scientific_name":"Juglans nigra","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":2555,"max":4380},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root or container stock in early spring; site carefully as the tree grows very large and produces juglone."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":480,"max":720},"height_in":{"min":480,"max":960},"spread_in":{"min":360,"max":720},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Black walnut is a native North American species grown primarily for its richly flavored nuts and valuable timber. It produces high concentrations of juglone in its roots, leaves, and hulls, which is toxic to many garden plants including tomatoes, peppers, apples, and blueberries; maintain a 50–80 foot buffer from sensitive plants. Trees are monoecious and partially self-fertile but cross well with a second tree. Hulls stain skin and clothing an indelible dark brown; wear gloves when husking. Nuts are ready when hulls are yellow-green to black and dent when pressed; cure for 2–3 weeks after husking.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"carambola","common_name":"Carambola (Starfruit)","scientific_name":"Averrhoa carambola","category":"fruit","subcategory":"tropical fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":8},"note":"Plant grafted trees in spring; young trees need protection from cold and wind for the first two seasons."},"usda_zones":{"min":10,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":180,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in well-drained, fertile soil in full sun; carambola is sensitive to flooding and cold below 27°F even briefly, limiting outdoor cultivation to frost-free zones. The tree blooms multiple times per year and produces fruits along the trunk and main branches — a trait called cauliflory — so hang fruit-protection bags in commercial settings to prevent blemishes. Harvest when the ribs have turned fully yellow and the fruit has slight give; overripe fruit browns quickly at the tips. Fertilize with a balanced citrus-type fertilizer 3–4 times per year to sustain heavy bearing.","sources":["University of Florida IFAS Extension","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"chestnut","common_name":"Chestnut","scientific_name":"Castanea sativa","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1825,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in early spring; chestnuts strongly prefer acidic, well-drained soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":480},"height_in":{"min":360,"max":720},"spread_in":{"min":300,"max":600},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Chestnuts require cross-pollination between at least two different cultivars or seedlings — plant them within 50 feet of each other for reliable nut set. American chestnut was devastated by blight, so choose blight-resistant Chinese, European, or hybrid selections (such as Dunstan Chestnuts). Trees strongly prefer acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5) and perform poorly in alkaline or wet conditions. Harvest in fall when burs open and nuts fall; collect daily as nuts on the ground deteriorate quickly. Fresh chestnuts are perishable — refrigerate promptly and use or freeze within a month.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"english-walnut","common_name":"English Walnut","scientific_name":"Juglans regia","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1825,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring; in mild-winter zones fall planting works well."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":360,"max":600},"height_in":{"min":360,"max":720},"spread_in":{"min":360,"max":600},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"English walnuts are monoecious — male (catkins) and female flowers occur on the same tree — and most cultivars are partially self-fertile, though a second tree improves yields. The tree produces juglone, a chemical that inhibits growth of many plants beneath its canopy; avoid planting near vegetables, berries, or sensitive ornamentals. Grafted Carpathian-strain trees are more cold-hardy and begin fruiting in 4–7 years; seedling trees may take 10+ years. Harvest in fall when hulls begin to crack and turn dark; remove husks promptly and cure nuts for 2–3 weeks before storing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"fig","common_name":"Fig","scientific_name":"Ficus carica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"syconium fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1460},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container or bare-root figs after the last frost date when soil has warmed; in mild climates, fall planting works well."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Common figs (the type grown in most gardens) are parthenocarpic and self-fertile — no pollinator or fig wasp is needed. In zones 6–7 protect the trunk and lower branches over winter by wrapping with burlap or mounding mulch; established roots often resprout even after top-kill. Figs bear two crops on some cultivars: a small breba crop on old wood in early summer and a main crop on new growth in late summer. Harvest when the neck droops, the skin splits slightly, and the fruit is soft and fragrant; a drop of syrup at the eye signals perfect ripeness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"grapefruit","common_name":"Grapefruit","scientific_name":"Citrus paradisi","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2555},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring after frost risk has passed; requires the longest, hottest growing season of any common citrus."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":180,"max":300},"height_in":{"min":144,"max":300},"spread_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Grapefruit is self-fertile and produces best in the warmest citrus climates — the prolonged heat of south Texas and southern California delivers better sugar development than coastal or inland zones 9. Trees are large and vigorous; allow 20–25 feet between them and avoid overcrowding with other trees. Ruby Red and Flame are popular pink-fleshed varieties with good cold tolerance for zone 9. Fruit takes 12–18 months from bloom to full ripeness; taste-test from late autumn onward — the peel may remain slightly greenish even when the juice is sweet.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hazelnut","common_name":"Hazelnut / Filbert","scientific_name":"Corylus avellana","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root shrubs/trees in late winter to early spring; hazelnuts establish readily and tolerate a range of soils."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Hazelnuts require cross-pollination and are wind-pollinated, so plant at least two different cultivars within 20 feet of each other; pollen is shed in late winter before leaves emerge. American hazelnut (C. americana) is hardier and more disease-resistant than European types; many gardeners grow hybrid selections for both traits. Eastern filbert blight (Anisogramma anomala) is a serious fungal disease in the eastern United States — choose blight-resistant cultivars such as Jefferson or York for eastern plantings. Harvest in late summer when nuts begin to fall from the husks on their own.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"jujube","common_name":"Jujube","scientific_name":"Ziziphus jujuba","category":"fruit","subcategory":"drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after the last frost date; jujubes establish quickly in warm soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Jujube is exceptionally drought-tolerant and thrives in hot, dry climates where other fruits struggle; it prefers well-drained, even sandy soils and performs poorly with excessive moisture. Most cultivars are self-fertile, though a second variety increases yields. Li and Lang are the most widely planted in North America; Li produces large, round, date-like fruit while Lang is more elongated. Fruit is eaten fresh when crisp and apple-flavored or dried to a sweet, wrinkled date; harvest when skin turns from yellow-green to mahogany-red.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"kumquat","common_name":"Kumquat","scientific_name":"Fortunella margarita","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring; kumquats are the hardiest citrus relative and tolerate brief dips to 18°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Kumquats are the hardiest of the citrus family and the only ones whose entire fruit — sweet peel and tangy flesh — is eaten whole. They are self-fertile and well-suited to container growing in zones 7–8, where they can be overwintered indoors. Unlike other citrus, kumquats go dormant more readily in winter, which improves their cold hardiness. Fruit ripens from late autumn through winter; harvest when fully orange and sweet-peel is prominent.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lemon","common_name":"Lemon","scientific_name":"Citrus limon","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring after frost risk has passed; in frost-free zones plant any time but avoid midsummer planting."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":96,"max":216},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":192},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Lemons are self-fertile and can bloom and fruit year-round in frost-free climates; Eureka and Lisbon are the commercial standards, while Meyer lemon is hardier (damaged below 22°F) and better suited to containers in cooler climates. Plant in well-drained, slightly acidic soil and fertilize with citrus-specific fertilizer three times per year. In zones 8–9, grow in large containers and bring indoors when temperatures drop below 28°F. Fruit is ready when fully yellow, slightly soft, and the rind is thin — do not wait for it to fall off the tree.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lime","common_name":"Lime","scientific_name":"Citrus aurantiifolia","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring after all frost risk has passed; limes are the most cold-sensitive citrus."},"usda_zones":{"min":10,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Key lime (C. aurantiifolia) is the most cold-sensitive common citrus and is reliable only in zones 10–11; Persian lime (C. latifolia) is somewhat hardier and suits zone 9 in sheltered spots. Both are self-fertile and produce almost continuously in warm climates with adequate water. Container culture in a large pot (25+ gallons) allows limes to be grown farther north and moved indoors during frost. Fruit is best harvested while still green and fully sized — if left to yellow on the tree it becomes dry and flavorless.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"longan","common_name":"Longan","scientific_name":"Dimocarpus longan","category":"fruit","subcategory":"tropical fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":8},"note":"Plant grafted trees after all cold weather has passed; young trees are cold-sensitive and need protection until the trunk is well established."},"usda_zones":{"min":10,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":240,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":180,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant grafted trees in deep, well-drained, slightly acidic soil (pH 5.5–6.5) in full sun; longan will not tolerate standing water or saturated roots. A brief winter cool-dry period — temperatures in the mid-40s°F for several weeks — is essential to trigger reliable flowering, making coastal south Florida and extreme south Texas the two viable zones in the continental United States. Fruit clusters ripen in summer and should be harvested by cutting whole panicles with scissors when the skin turns tan to light brown and the flesh is translucent and sweet. Prune annually after harvest to keep the canopy to a manageable height and promote new fruiting wood.","sources":["University of Florida IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"loquat","common_name":"Loquat","scientific_name":"Eriobotrya japonica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"pome fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after frost risk has passed; in zones 9–11 fall planting is preferred."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":216},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Loquat is an evergreen tree that flowers in fall and winter and ripens its fruit in late winter to early spring — one of the earliest fruiting trees of the season. Most varieties are self-fertile, though two trees increase crop size. Fruit clusters can be thinned at golf-ball size to produce fewer but larger fruit. Harvest when fruit is fully golden-yellow to orange, slightly soft, and sweet-tart; the thin skin is edible but seeds are large and should be discarded. Trees are cold-hardy to about 12°F but flowers and developing fruit are damaged below 28°F.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lychee","common_name":"Lychee","scientific_name":"Litchi chinensis","category":"fruit","subcategory":"drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":6},"note":"Plant in spring after all frost risk has passed; in zones 10–11, fall planting after summer heat breaks is preferred."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":180,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":180,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant a grafted or air-layered tree in deep, well-drained, slightly acidic soil (pH 5.0–6.5) in a site sheltered from salt spray and drying winter wind; lychee cannot tolerate waterlogged roots at any age. Trees require a cool-dry stress period of 4–6 weeks in late autumn — nights reliably below 59°F — to trigger flower bud development, so hold irrigation during that window rather than watering on a regular schedule. Fruit clusters develop rapidly after bloom and benefit from thinning to 3–5 fruits per panicle when marble-sized to improve final fruit size and reduce limb stress. Harvest clusters when the rough, bumpy skin has turned fully red to pinkish-red and the aroma is distinctly floral and sweet, typically 90–112 days after bloom.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"mandarin","common_name":"Mandarin / Tangerine","scientific_name":"Citrus reticulata","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring after frost; mandarins are among the hardiest citrus, tolerating brief dips to 24°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":96,"max":216},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":192},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Mandarins (including tangerines, clementines, and satsumas) are the most cold-hardy of the common sweet citrus, with satsumas surviving to about 15°F and thriving in zone 8. Most are self-fertile, though some varieties set more fruit with a compatible pollinator nearby. Fruit tends to ripen earlier in the season than oranges — from October through January depending on variety — and the loose peel and sweet-tart flavor make them popular for fresh eating. Avoid overwatering, as mandarins are somewhat drought-tolerant and susceptible to root rot in wet soils.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"moringa","common_name":"Moringa (Drumstick Tree)","scientific_name":"Moringa oleifera","category":"fruit","subcategory":"tropical tree","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":4},"note":"Sow seed or plant cuttings after last frost; moringa grows explosively in heat and can be coppiced to manage size in zone 9."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep directly into warm, well-drained soil — moringa dislikes transplanting due to its long taproot. It grows extraordinarily fast in hot, dry conditions and tolerates poor, sandy soils; avoid over-watering or heavy clay, which causes stem and root rot. In zone 9 the tree may freeze to the ground in hard winters but regrows vigorously from the root crown each spring. Harvest young leaves, flowers, and immature seed pods (drumsticks) regularly; coppicing the main stem at 3–4 ft encourages dense, bushy regrowth with more leaf area at reachable height.","sources":["ECHO (Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization) technical note","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"mulberry","common_name":"Mulberry","scientific_name":"Morus rubra","category":"fruit","subcategory":"aggregate fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1825,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Plant in early spring; mulberries establish readily from container stock."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":480},"height_in":{"min":240,"max":600},"spread_in":{"min":240,"max":480},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Red mulberry (native to eastern North America) and white mulberry (Morus alba, from Asia) are both grown for fruit; white mulberry is more tolerant of heat and alkaline soils. Most mulberries are self-fertile or near-enough so that a single tree crops well. Trees require very little care once established — no regular spraying or thinning is needed. Fruit ripens over several weeks and drops when ripe; lay a tarp beneath the canopy for easy collection, as the juice stains pavement and clothing permanently.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"nectarine","common_name":"Nectarine","scientific_name":"Prunus persica var. nucipersica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring before bud break."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":192},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":192},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nectarines are essentially smooth-skinned peaches and share the same culture — self-fertile, open-center pruning, and annual heading-back of one-year-old wood. Because nectarines lack the peach's fuzzy skin barrier they are somewhat more susceptible to brown rot and bacterial spot in humid climates, so good air circulation is critical. Chill requirements range from 250 to 900 hours depending on cultivar; select accordingly. Fruit is ready when it gives slightly to thumb pressure and the background color has shifted from green to creamy yellow.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"olive","common_name":"Olive","scientific_name":"Olea europaea","category":"fruit","subcategory":"drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2920},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after the last frost; in Mediterranean-climate zones fall planting is also suitable."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Olives thrive in the classic Mediterranean climate — hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters — and are extremely drought-tolerant once established, but they require 200–400 chill hours to set fruit reliably. Most cultivars are self-fertile, but cross-pollination with a second variety improves yields significantly. Trees are long-lived and slow-growing; minimal pruning is needed beyond thinning for light penetration. For table olives, harvest when fruit is still green-to-straw colored; for oil, pick when about half the fruit has turned black.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"orange","common_name":"Orange","scientific_name":"Citrus sinensis","category":"fruit","subcategory":"citrus","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2555},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Plant in spring after frost risk passes; in frost-free zones, spring or early fall planting is ideal."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) are self-fertile; navel oranges and many blood oranges are seedless because they are parthenocarpic. Most oranges need warm nights to develop sweetness and cannot be grown outdoors north of zone 9; the Hamlin and Navel types are slightly more cold-tolerant. Fruit can stay on the tree for weeks to months after ripening, extending harvest, but may re-green in warm weather without losing quality. Apply a balanced citrus fertilizer in late winter, late spring, and midsummer for best production.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pawpaw","common_name":"Pawpaw","scientific_name":"Asimina triloba","category":"fruit","subcategory":"berry-like fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":2190,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":6},"note":"Plant container-grown pawpaws in late spring after frost; avoid bare-root stock as the taproot is easily damaged."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":240},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Pawpaws require two genetically distinct seedlings or named cultivars for cross-pollination; hand-pollinating flowers with a small brush greatly improves fruit set. Young trees need shade for the first one to two seasons — plant under a light canopy or use a shade cloth — but mature trees prefer full sun to fruit well. The taproot makes transplanting difficult, so use container-grown stock and disturb roots as little as possible. Fruit ripens in late summer to fall and goes from firm to custardy-soft within days; refrigerate immediately after picking as shelf life is very short.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"peach","common_name":"Peach","scientific_name":"Prunus persica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter before bud swell; in zones 8–9 fall planting is also successful."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":144,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":192},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":192},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Most peaches are self-fertile, so a single tree will produce fruit, but they need 600–1000 chill hours — choose low-chill varieties (below 400 hours) for zones 8–9. Train to an open-center (vase) shape to allow sunlight deep into the canopy, and prune out about one-third of last year's growth each dormant season because peaches only fruit on one-year-old wood. Thin fruit to 6–8 inches apart after June drop to size up remaining fruit and reduce limb breakage. Harvest when the green ground color fades to cream and the fruit yields to gentle pressure.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pear","common_name":"Pear","scientific_name":"Pyrus communis","category":"fruit","subcategory":"pome fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring while dormant; fall planting works in zones 7–9."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"European pears require 700–1200 chill hours and almost always need a second compatible cultivar for adequate pollination; Bosc and Anjou cross well with each other. Pears are prone to fire blight, so choose resistant varieties and prune out any infected wood well below the canker margin. Train to a central leader and avoid excess nitrogen, which promotes lush growth susceptible to blight. Pick pears while still firm and ripen indoors at room temperature — they go mealy if left on the tree too long.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pecan","common_name":"Pecan","scientific_name":"Carya illinoinensis","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":2190,"max":3650},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring; pecans have a deep taproot — handle carefully and plant immediately."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":360,"max":720},"height_in":{"min":480,"max":960},"spread_in":{"min":360,"max":720},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Pecans are protandrous or protogynous depending on variety — pollen shed and receptive female flowers rarely overlap on the same tree — so always plant at least two cultivars of opposite types (Type I with Type II) to ensure cross-pollination. Northern varieties (Hark, Kanza, Lakota) are bred for shorter growing seasons and suit zones 5–7; southern varieties need 250+ frost-free days. Pecans are heavy zinc feeders; apply zinc foliar spray in spring if leaves show rosette symptoms. Harvest when shucks split open in autumn and nuts fall freely.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pineapple-guava","common_name":"Pineapple Guava (Feijoa)","scientific_name":"Acca sellowiana","category":"fruit","subcategory":"subtropical fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container-grown stock in spring after frost danger; established plants tolerate brief dips to 15°F once mature."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":96,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant in well-drained soil in full sun; pineapple guava tolerates drought, coastal salt spray, and moderate alkalinity better than most subtropical fruits. Most selections set better crops with a second nearby cultivar for cross-pollination, though some are self-fruitful. The showy red-stamened flowers are edible and mild-flavored — harvest petals before they fall for salads. Fruits drop naturally when ripe in autumn; check the ground daily and collect before birds and insects take them, then ripen indoors for 3–5 days until they yield to gentle pressure.","sources":["general horticultural reference","University of California Cooperative Extension"]},{"slug":"pistachio","common_name":"Pistachio","scientific_name":"Pistacia vera","category":"fruit","subcategory":"nut / drupe","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":2555,"max":4380},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after frost; pistachios need hot, dry summers and cold winters — a very specific climate."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":240,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":144,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":144,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Pistachio is dioecious — you must plant at least one male tree (typically Peters variety) for every 8–10 female trees; pollen is wind-carried. The tree requires 700–1000 chill hours in winter and blisteringly hot, dry summers (100°F+ is ideal) to ripen nuts properly, making it poorly suited to humid or mild-summer climates. Trees are extremely drought-tolerant and actually prefer alkaline, well-drained soils. Nuts are ready when hulls turn from green to red-pink and slip off easily; harvest by shaking limbs and collect nuts off tarps laid below.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"plum","common_name":"Plum","scientific_name":"Prunus domestica","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring; fall planting suits zones 7 and warmer."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"European plums (Prunus domestica) are often self-fertile, but Japanese plums (P. salicina) generally need a compatible pollinator planted nearby within 50 feet. Prune European types to a central leader and Japanese types to an open center; remove crossing branches each dormant season. Thin fruit clusters to 3–4 inches apart after natural fruit drop to encourage larger size. Pick when fruit achieves full color and yields gently to pressure — overripe plums are soft and ferment quickly.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pomegranate","common_name":"Pomegranate","scientific_name":"Punica granatum","category":"fruit","subcategory":"berry","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant in spring after the last frost; in zones 9–11 fall planting is also suitable."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":216},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Pomegranates are self-fertile and thrive in hot, dry conditions with well-drained soil; they tolerate drought but produce sweeter, larger fruit with regular deep watering from bloom through harvest. In zone 7, mulch the root zone heavily and site against a south-facing wall to protect against winter kill. Allow plants to develop as a multi-stemmed shrub or train to a single trunk by removing suckers. Fruit is ready in fall when it turns deep red, sounds hollow when tapped, and the crown (calyx) is prominent.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"quince","common_name":"Quince","scientific_name":"Cydonia oblonga","category":"fruit","subcategory":"pome fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring before bud break."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Quince is self-fertile and one of the easier tree fruits to grow, tolerating heavier and wetter soils than apples or pears. It needs 300–500 chill hours, which suits zones 5–9 broadly. The fruit is astringent and almost always cooked rather than eaten raw; it turns pink when heated with sugar and is prized for marmalade, paste (membrillo), and jelly. Harvest in late autumn when the fruit turns fully golden-yellow and fragrant, before the first hard freeze.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sour-cherry","common_name":"Sour Cherry","scientific_name":"Prunus cerasus","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1095,"max":1825},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring before bud break."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":6},"spacing_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sour (tart) cherries such as Montmorency are self-fertile, reliably productive, and significantly hardier than sweet cherries, making them the better choice for zones 4–6. They require 1000–1200 chill hours and tolerate heavier soils than sweet cherries do. Thin lightly to maintain canopy airflow and prune in early summer to manage brown rot pressure in humid climates. Harvest when fruit is fully red and slightly soft — tart cherries rarely sweeten on the tree and are best for cooking, preserving, or juice.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sweet-cherry","common_name":"Sweet Cherry","scientific_name":"Prunus avium","category":"fruit","subcategory":"stone fruit","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2555},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"spring","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant bare-root trees in late winter to early spring before buds swell."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":180,"max":360},"height_in":{"min":180,"max":360},"spread_in":{"min":180,"max":300},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sweet cherries require 700–1100 chill hours and are among the least self-fertile of the stone fruits — always plant at least two compatible varieties, choosing cultivars from the same incompatibility group (or self-fertile types such as Stella and Lapins). They prefer well-drained, slightly alkaline soil and dislike wet feet, which promotes root rot and crown rot. Protect ripening fruit with bird netting. Harvest when fruit is deeply colored, fully sweet, and the stem parts cleanly from the spur.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"american-ginseng","common_name":"American Ginseng","scientific_name":"Panax quinquefolius","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":180,"max":540},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":60},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1825,"max":2920},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Sow stratified seed in autumn in a woodland bed; seeds require 18–24 months of warm-then-cold stratification before germinating."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"shade","water":"moderate","directions":"Purchase properly stratified seed and sow 1–2 in deep in a shaded, forested bed with well-drained, humus-rich, slightly acidic soil; do not expect germination until the following spring at the earliest. Ginseng requires 60–75% canopy shade and the deep, crumbly forest soil of its native Appalachian habitat — it will not thrive in open garden conditions. Plants must grow for a minimum of 5–7 years before roots reach marketable size, making patience the primary gardening virtue here. Harvest roots in autumn by carefully digging to preserve the branched root shape; roots are dried slowly at low heat and used in adaptogenic teas, tinctures, and traditional Chinese medicine preparations.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"anise","common_name":"Anise","scientific_name":"Pimpinella anisum","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or just after last frost; anise dislikes transplanting and needs a long, warm season."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep directly in their final location in rich, well-drained soil; anise develops a taproot that transplants poorly. Thin to 6–12 in apart once seedlings are established, and stake plants in exposed sites as they can be top-heavy when in flower. Anise needs a long, frost-free season to set seed—at least 120 days—so start as early as possible in cool climates. Harvest umbels when seeds begin to turn gray-green, cutting whole heads into paper bags to catch seeds as they ripen.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"anise-hyssop","common_name":"Anise Hyssop","scientific_name":"Agastache foeniculum","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds prefer light for germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press tiny seeds onto the surface of moist starting mix without covering; keep warm at 70°F until sprouts appear. Plants are drought-tolerant once established and perform well in average to poor soil with good drainage. Harvest leaves throughout the growing season for anise-scented teas and culinary use; the edible flowers attract bees and butterflies prolifically. Allow some spikes to go to seed in autumn for natural self-sowing or collect seed for the following year.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"ashwagandha","common_name":"Ashwagandha / Indian Winter Cherry","scientific_name":"Withania somnifera","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal tender perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger passes into a sunny, warm location."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix and keep consistently warm at 70–80°F until germination; transplant after last frost into sandy or loamy, well-drained soil. Ashwagandha thrives in hot, dry conditions similar to its native Indian range — avoid overwatering and boggy soil. The fleshy taproot is the primary medicinal part and is harvested after the plant's first autumn, when the small lantern-like berries begin to turn red. Wash, slice, and dry the roots for use in adaptogenic powders and decoctions; yields improve substantially if plants are grown through a full growing season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"basil","common_name":"Basil","scientific_name":"Ocimum basilicum","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant only after nights stay reliably above 50°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in a warm, moist seed-starting mix and keep soil above 65°F for reliable sprouting. Pinch out flower buds as soon as they appear to encourage bushy leaf production and delay bolting. Water at the base to avoid fungal spots, and feed lightly with a balanced fertilizer mid-season. Harvest by snipping stems just above a leaf node once plants have at least six true leaves.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bay-laurel","common_name":"Bay Laurel","scientific_name":"Laurus nobilis","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":30,"max":60},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant rooted cuttings or established transplants after last frost in spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":240},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Take semi-ripe stem cuttings in summer, dip in rooting hormone, and insert into gritty propagating mix; expect rooting in 6–9 weeks. Plant in well-drained soil in a sheltered, sunny site; in zones 7 and colder, grow in containers that can be moved indoors before hard frost. Clip the canopy to shape annually and remove any reverted plain shoots from variegated forms. Harvest individual leaves as needed once the plant is established; leaves are most pungent when dried for 1–2 weeks.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"blue-vervain","common_name":"Blue Vervain","scientific_name":"Verbena hastata","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; cold-moist stratification for 4–6 weeks significantly improves germination of this native species."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Cold-stratify seeds for 4–6 weeks in the refrigerator before surface-sowing onto warm starting mix; germination is erratic without this treatment. Blue vervain is a native North American wetland plant that thrives in consistently moist to wet soil along streams, pond margins, or rain gardens. Harvest aerial parts — leafy stems and the distinctive candelabra-like flower spikes — when in bloom through summer, tincing in alcohol for use as a traditional nervine for tension and anxiety. Plants self-seed freely in moist conditions and will naturalize into attractive wildlife-supporting stands over time.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"borage","common_name":"Borage","scientific_name":"Borago officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow around the last frost date; borage dislikes root disturbance and self-seeds freely."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/2 in deep directly in their permanent position; borage has a taproot that is easily damaged and transplants poorly. Grow in full sun in any well-drained soil—even poor, dry soil suits it. Once established it self-seeds readily, so remove unwanted seedlings while they are small. The star-shaped blue flowers are edible with a cool cucumber flavor; harvest them when newly opened for garnishing salads and drinks.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bronze-fennel","common_name":"Bronze Fennel","scientific_name":"Foeniculum vulgare 'Purpureum'","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow around the last frost date; fennel dislikes transplanting."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep directly in their final position; bronze fennel resents root disturbance and transplants poorly. Grow in full sun with well-drained, fertile soil and deadhead spent flower heads to limit self-seeding, which can become excessive. Plant away from dill, coriander, and most vegetables as fennel is allelopathic to many garden neighbors. Harvest the feathery bronze fronds as needed; flavor is best before flowering.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"caraway","common_name":"Caraway","scientific_name":"Carum carvi","category":"herb","subcategory":"biennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":540},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow in early spring 2–4 weeks before last frost; caraway is biennial and flowers in its second year."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in deep, loose, well-drained soil; caraway has a fleshy taproot and dislikes waterlogged conditions. As a biennial, it produces a rosette of ferny leaves in the first year, then flowers and sets seed in the second before dying. Thin to 6–9 in once seedlings are established and keep the bed weed-free. Harvest seed heads when they turn brown, cutting into bags to catch the aromatic seeds before they shatter.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"catnip","common_name":"Catnip","scientific_name":"Nepeta cataria","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow around last frost date; crushing or nicking seed coat before sowing improves germination rates."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Direct sow by pressing seeds lightly into moist soil; crushing the seed coat slightly before sowing can speed germination. Plants grown from seed attract cats less strongly than those that have been bruised, so direct-sown plants may establish more easily in gardens with resident cats. Cut back plants by half after the first flowering to encourage a second flush and prevent excessive seeding. Harvest aerial parts just before flowering for drying into cat toys and sachets; the nepetalactone content is highest at this stage, and the herb has mild calming properties for human tea use as well.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"chamomile-german","common_name":"Chamomile (German)","scientific_name":"Matricaria chamomilla","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow in early spring 2–4 weeks before last frost; light frost will not harm established seedlings."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow the tiny seeds by pressing them onto moist soil without covering; they require light to germinate. Thin seedlings to 6–9 in apart in well-drained, moderately poor soil—rich soil encourages lush stems that flop easily. German chamomile self-seeds reliably and will naturalize in a sunny spot with minimal care. Harvest flower heads just as the white petals begin to reflex downward, which indicates peak essential oil content for tea.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"chervil","common_name":"Chervil","scientific_name":"Anthriscus cerefolium","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before last frost in a shaded spot; again in late summer for a fall harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Scatter seeds on the soil surface and press them in lightly, or cover with 1/8 in of fine soil; chervil prefers cool, partly shaded conditions and bolts quickly in heat. Direct sow rather than transplanting, as the taproot is sensitive to disturbance. Keep the soil consistently moist during germination and throughout the cool season. Harvest delicate, fern-like leaves when plants are 6–8 in tall, before any flower stalks emerge, to capture the mild anise flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"chives","common_name":"Chives","scientific_name":"Allium schoenoprasum","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow or start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; chives tolerate light frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in groups of 4–6 and thin clumps to 6–9 in apart once established; thinnings are edible. Water regularly and divide crowded clumps every 2–3 years in spring or fall to maintain vigor. Remove spent flower heads to prevent excessive self-seeding, or leave a few for their edible, mildly onion-flavored blooms. Harvest by snipping leaves to about 1 in above the soil; plants regrow quickly.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cilantro","common_name":"Cilantro / Coriander","scientific_name":"Coriandrum sativum","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; succession-sow every 3 weeks through spring and again in early fall."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Lightly crush the husks before sowing, then press seeds 1/4 in into the soil and keep evenly moist until germination. Thin seedlings to 6 in apart so plants don't compete for moisture, which slows bolting. Avoid transplanting; cilantro's taproot resents disturbance. Begin harvesting outer leaves once plants reach 4–6 in, and harvest seed heads (coriander) when they turn tan and dry on the stem.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"comfrey","common_name":"Comfrey","scientific_name":"Symphytum officinale","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":2},"note":"Plant root cuttings or crown divisions in early spring; even small root fragments will regenerate into new plants so choose the planting site carefully."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Propagate from 2–4 in root cuttings planted horizontally 2–3 in deep; plants grow vigorously and are nearly impossible to eradicate once established, so site them permanently. Mulch heavily around plants and cut back to the ground two or three times per growing season to harvest the biomass-rich leaves as a liquid fertilizer or compost activator. Leaves can also be processed into poultice form for topical soothing use on bruises and minor sprains. Note that internal use is not recommended due to pyrrolizidine alkaloid content.","sources":["general horticultural reference","RHS Plant Guides"]},{"slug":"mullein","common_name":"Common Mullein","scientific_name":"Verbascum thapsus","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal biennial","days_to_germination":{"min":12,"max":15},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":548},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow in early spring or summer; biennial plants form a rosette the first year and flower the second year."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":84},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Scatter tiny seeds on bare, disturbed soil and do not cover — they need light to germinate; thin to 18–24 in apart once seedlings are established. As a biennial, mullein forms a large, velvety rosette of leaves in the first year before sending up a tall flower spike in its second season. First-year leaves are harvested and dried for use in respiratory-support teas and smoking blends; flowers are gathered as they open along the stalk, often infused into olive oil for ear-drop preparations. Allow the towering flower spike to set seed for reliable self-sowing in subsequent years.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"sage-common","common_name":"Common Sage","scientific_name":"Salvia officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed as young plants are more cold-sensitive than mature ones."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix; germination is reliable at 65–70°F. Plant in well-drained, moderately fertile soil and prune plants hard in spring to remove winter-killed tips and promote bushy growth from the base. Harvest leafy stems before flowering for culinary and medicinal use; the volatile oils are most concentrated on sunny mornings before flowering. Dried sage leaves and bundles are used in cooking, traditional salubrious teas, and as smudge sticks in ceremonial contexts.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"thyme-common","common_name":"Common Thyme","scientific_name":"Thymus vulgaris","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":20},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow or barely cover seed as light aids germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds or cover to 1/8 in in warm, well-drained starting mix; seedlings are small and slow to establish so start early indoors. Plant in sharply drained, lean soil in full sun — like other Mediterranean herbs, thyme deteriorates in fertile, moist conditions. Trim plants lightly after each harvest to prevent woodiness; replace plants every 3–4 years when the center becomes unproductive. Harvest leafy stem tips before or during flowering for the highest thymol content, using fresh or dried in culinary preparations and traditional antiseptic and cough-relief remedies.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cuban-oregano","common_name":"Cuban Oregano (Broad-Leaf Thyme)","scientific_name":"Plectranthus amboinicus","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Root cuttings in water or moist mix and transplant after frost; in zone 9–11 plants overwinter but may die back to roots in zone 9 hard freezes."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Propagate from stem cuttings 4–6 in long; cuttings root in 1–2 weeks in moist perlite or a glass of water and are far more reliable than seed. Plant in any well-drained soil in full sun to bright partial shade; Cuban oregano tolerates heat, humidity, and dry spells far better than Mediterranean oregano. The thick, succulent leaves have a pungent, oregano-like aroma intensified by thyme — use fresh in Caribbean, Indian, and Southeast Asian cooking. Remove flower spikes to keep the plant in vigorous vegetative growth; take a few cuttings before the first frost if growing as an annual.","sources":["University of Florida IFAS Extension","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cumin","common_name":"Cumin","scientific_name":"Cuminum cyminum","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost and transplant carefully after soil warms; cumin needs a long hot season."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Start seeds indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost in deep cells to minimize taproot disturbance, sowing 1/4 in deep and keeping soil at 70°F or above. Transplant with great care, disturbing roots as little as possible, into sandy or well-drained soil in full sun. Cumin thrives in hot, dry conditions and performs poorly in cool, wet summers; mulch to retain ground warmth. Harvest umbels when seeds turn brown, drying the cut heads in a warm, airy spot before threshing out the pungent seeds.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"curry-leaf","common_name":"Curry Leaf","scientific_name":"Murraya koenigii","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":180,"max":365},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant container-grown stock after last frost; in zone 9 protect with frost cloth during freezes — the woody stems can survive brief dips to 28°F once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant in well-drained, moderately fertile soil in full sun; curry leaf shrubs grow slowly at first but accelerate once established in a warm zone 9–11 site. Fresh leaves are essential to South Indian cooking and release their aroma only when heated in oil — dried leaves are a poor substitute, so growing your own is worthwhile. Harvest by snipping young branch tips regularly, which encourages dense new growth; remove flower clusters as they appear if you prefer to maximize leaf production. Mulch heavily through zone 9 winters and wrap the trunk if temperatures below 28°F are expected for more than a night or two.","sources":["general horticultural reference","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"dill","common_name":"Dill","scientific_name":"Anethum graveolens","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":40,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; succession-sow every 2–3 weeks for a continuous leaf harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast seeds thinly over a weed-free bed and cover with 1/8 in of soil, firming gently; dill needs light to germinate well. Avoid transplanting—the long taproot is easily damaged. Stake tall plants if the site is windy, and keep irrigation steady to delay the rush to flower. Snip feathery fronds once the plant has at least five leaf sets; for seed, allow umbels to go fully brown before cutting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"echinacea","common_name":"Echinacea / Purple Coneflower","scientific_name":"Echinacea purpurea","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":150},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost or direct sow in fall for natural cold stratification; transplant after frost danger passes."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed on the surface or just 1/8 in deep; cold stratification for 4–8 weeks significantly improves germination rates, especially for fresh seed. Plant in well-drained soil and avoid overwatering once established, as echinacea tolerates drought well. Roots are the primary medicinal part and are harvested in fall of the third or fourth year; flowers and leaves can be harvested earlier for teas and tinctures. Allow some seed heads to remain for self-seeding and to feed overwintering birds.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"elecampane","common_name":"Elecampane","scientific_name":"Inula helenium","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":540,"max":730},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; a brief cold stratification of 2–3 weeks can improve germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep indoors after a brief cold stratification period; plants grow into impressive clumps by their second year, eventually reaching 6–8 feet tall. Plant in moist, deep, fertile soil as this large plant develops an extensive root system that benefits from ample space. Harvest the thick, inulin-rich roots in autumn of the second or third year, washing and slicing them before drying for respiratory-supportive preparations. The yellow daisy-like flowers appear in midsummer of the second year and are attractive to pollinators.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lavender-english","common_name":"English Lavender","scientific_name":"Lavandula angustifolia","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":200},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost danger has fully passed into well-drained, alkaline soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds and keep barely moist; germination is slow and uneven, so starting from cuttings or divisions is often more reliable. Plant in fast-draining, lean soil — rich or wet conditions promote rot and weak growth. Prune plants back by about one-third after the first flush of blooms to keep growth compact and encourage a second flowering. Harvest flower spikes just as the buds begin to open, bundling and hanging upside down in a warm, airy space to dry for sachets, culinary use, and aromatherapy.","sources":["general horticultural reference","RHS Plant Guides"]},{"slug":"epazote","common_name":"Epazote","scientific_name":"Dysphania ambrosioides","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or just after last frost once soil has warmed; epazote self-seeds prolifically once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow the tiny seeds by pressing them gently into soil without covering, as they require light for germination; thin to 12–18 in. Epazote is remarkably drought-tolerant once established and thrives in lean, well-drained soil; rich, moist conditions encourage excessive growth. Deadhead regularly to control self-seeding, which can be invasive in warm climates. Harvest young stem tips throughout the season; the pungent, resinous flavor mellows somewhat with cooking.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"fenugreek","common_name":"Fenugreek","scientific_name":"Trigonella foenum-graecum","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":20,"max":30},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; can also sow in late summer for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Soak seeds overnight to speed germination, then sow 1/2 in deep in rows and thin to 6 in apart; fenugreek prefers cool conditions and will bolt quickly in summer heat. Grow in well-drained, fertile soil in full sun. Days to maturity listed is for young leaf harvest; allow 3–5 months for seed pods to develop and dry if growing for seed spice. Harvest leaves at any time for use as a slightly bitter herb, and collect seed pods once they turn tan and feel firm.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"feverfew","common_name":"Feverfew","scientific_name":"Tanacetum parthenium","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":72},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; press seeds onto the surface of the mix as they need light to germinate."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Seeds are tiny and require light for germination — press them gently onto moist starting mix without covering. Once established, plants are quite drought-tolerant and spread readily by self-seeding. Shear plants back by half after flowering to maintain a tidy mound and encourage fresh foliage. The leaves are the medicinal part; harvest fresh leaves for tea or tincture — wear gloves as some people experience skin irritation from the foliage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"french-sorrel","common_name":"French Sorrel","scientific_name":"Rumex scutatus","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; sorrel is one of the first herbs to emerge in spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in well-drained, moderately fertile soil; thin to 12 in apart once seedlings are 2 in tall. Remove flower stalks as soon as they appear to prevent the plant from diverting energy away from leaf production. Divide established clumps every 2–3 years to maintain vigor and refresh the planting. Harvest the shield-shaped leaves regularly while they are young and tender; the bright, lemony oxalic flavor becomes more pronounced in larger, older leaves.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"french-tarragon","common_name":"French Tarragon","scientific_name":"Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Plant divisions or rooted cuttings around last frost date; French tarragon does not come true from seed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Always source French tarragon as a division or cutting—seeds sold as tarragon are typically the flavorless Russian type. Plant in lean, well-drained soil; overly rich soil encourages lush but bland foliage. Divide plants every 2–3 years in spring to maintain flavor and vigor, discarding old woody centers. Begin harvesting once shoots reach 6 in; the anise-like fragrance intensifies just before the plant's inconspicuous flowers open.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"garlic-chives","common_name":"Garlic Chives","scientific_name":"Allium tuberosum","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Sow directly 4–6 weeks before last frost or transplant established divisions in spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":20},"spread_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep and keep soil moist; germination is similar to common chives but the flat, grass-like leaves have a distinct mild garlic flavor. Grow in well-drained, fertile soil and divide clumps every 2–3 years to prevent overcrowding and maintain productivity. Deadhead flowers promptly, as garlic chives self-seed prolifically and can become weedy. Harvest flat leaves at any height; older leaves become slightly tough but remain useful cooked.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"goldenseal","common_name":"Goldenseal","scientific_name":"Hydrastis canadensis","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":180,"max":365},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":60},"days_to_maturity":{"min":1460,"max":2190},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"fall","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Plant rhizome divisions in early autumn in a shaded woodland bed; seeds require prolonged double dormancy and are best left to experienced growers."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":16},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"shade","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant small rhizome pieces 1–2 in deep in autumn in deep, shaded woodland soil rich in leaf mold; rhizome division is far more reliable than growing from seed. Goldenseal requires 70–80% shade and the moist, humus-rich, slightly acidic conditions of mature eastern North American forests — raised beds under deciduous trees work well. This is a slow-growing, at-risk native species; growing your own reduces pressure on wild populations, but expect 4–6 years before roots are substantial enough to harvest. Harvest small portions of the golden rhizome in autumn of the fourth or fifth year, leaving the majority of the root system intact for continued growth.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"holy-basil-tulsi","common_name":"Holy Basil / Tulsi","scientific_name":"Ocimum tenuiflorum","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; do not transplant until nights are reliably above 55°F as cold soil stunts growth."},"usda_zones":{"min":10,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in warm starting mix at 75–85°F; germination is swift when soil is adequately warm. Transplant after night temperatures stay above 55°F and pinch growing tips immediately to promote bushy growth. Regular pinching and removal of flower spikes prolongs the leaf harvest and delays bitterness; harvest leaves in the morning after dew has dried for the most aromatic result. Fresh or dried leaves are used in adaptogenic teas, Ayurvedic preparations, and as a sacred plant in Hindu tradition.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"horehound","common_name":"Horehound","scientific_name":"Marrubium vulgare","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds are small and benefit from light for germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow onto moist mix 6–8 weeks before transplanting; horehound germinates readily in warm soil but can be slow and erratic. Plant in dry, well-drained, even rocky or sandy soil where most plants would struggle — fertile, moist conditions cause leggy, weak growth. Harvest stems and leaves before flowering for the most potent bitterness, bundling for drying or infusing fresh into candy and cough syrups. Shear plants back in late summer to keep growth compact and prevent excessive self-seeding.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"hyssop","common_name":"Hyssop","scientific_name":"Hyssopus officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow or cover lightly with 1/8 in of fine mix."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/8 in deep indoors in warm starting mix; germination is fast and reliable at 65–70°F. Plant in lean, well-drained, slightly alkaline soil — hyssop is drought-tolerant once established and thrives in conditions similar to lavender. Prune plants back by about one-third after flowering to keep them from becoming woody and to promote a compact, bushy habit. Harvest leafy stems and flowers in the morning just as the blossoms begin to open, drying them for use in expectorant teas, culinary herb blends, and potpourri.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lemon-balm","common_name":"Lemon Balm","scientific_name":"Melissa officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after the last frost date."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface-sow seeds and press lightly into moist mix without covering; they need light and warmth to sprout. Plant in well-drained soil in partial shade, particularly in hot climates, to maintain fresh-looking, non-scorched foliage. Cut plants back by half after the first flush of growth and again after any flowering to encourage compact, leafy regrowth. Harvest leaves before the plant flowers for the strongest lemon fragrance, picking in the morning after dew has dried.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lemon-verbena","common_name":"Lemon Verbena","scientific_name":"Aloysia citrodora","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic tender perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":68,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Transplant rooted cuttings outdoors after all frost danger has passed; bring containers indoors before the first autumn frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":84},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Propagate from softwood cuttings taken in summer rather than from seed, which has poor viability; root cuttings in moist perlite under plastic until rooted. Plant in full sun and well-drained soil; in zones below 8 grow in containers that can be overwintered indoors in a cool, bright spot. Prune hard in spring when new growth emerges from what may look like dead wood — lemon verbena is often a slow riser after dormancy. Harvest leaves any time for intensely lemon-scented tea, dessert flavoring, and potpourri; fragrance peaks just before the plant begins to flower.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lemongrass","common_name":"Lemongrass","scientific_name":"Cymbopogon citratus","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Transplant divisions or rooted stalks after last frost when soil is reliably warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":10,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Propagate by placing fresh grocery-store stalks (with roots intact) in water until roots develop, then transplant into rich, well-drained soil in full sun. Lemongrass needs heat and consistent moisture; water deeply and regularly during the growing season. In zones below 10, grow in large containers and bring indoors before first frost, cutting back to 6 in tall. Harvest outer stalks by cutting or twisting at the base when they reach pencil thickness; use the pale, tender base for cooking.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lovage","common_name":"Lovage","scientific_name":"Levisticum officinale","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow in early spring, 2–4 weeks before last frost; fresh seed germinates best."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":84},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow fresh seed 1/4 in deep in moist, fertile soil in early spring; stored seed loses viability quickly. Give lovage a permanent spot as it develops a large taproot that dislikes disturbance, and provide deep, moisture-retentive, fertile soil. Remove flower stalks as they appear to keep the plant producing leafy growth for longer. Harvest young outer leaves and stems throughout the season; the intense celery-like flavor means a little goes a long way.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"marjoram","common_name":"Marjoram","scientific_name":"Origanum majorana","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow the tiny seeds without covering, pressing them gently into moist, well-drained seed mix and placing in a warm, bright spot. Transplant into well-drained, slightly alkaline garden soil after nights are reliably above 50°F. Pinch out growing tips regularly to keep plants bushy and delay flowering. Harvest stems just as the knotted flower buds form for the sweetest, most aromatic leaves.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"marshmallow","common_name":"Marshmallow","scientific_name":"Althaea officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; scarifying the seed coat lightly with sandpaper or soaking overnight in warm water speeds germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":84},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Scarify or soak seed overnight before sowing 1/4 in deep; marshmallow appreciates consistent moisture, particularly during its establishment period. Plant in deep, moderately moist soil as the tap root grows substantial in mature plants. Harvest leaves and flowers in summer for use in soothing teas and poultices; the fleshy root is the most mucilaginous part and is best dug in the plant's second or third autumn. The dried root can be sliced, powdered, or made into a cold-water infusion to extract its slippery mucilage for throat-coat and digestive preparations.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"mexican-tarragon","common_name":"Mexican Tarragon (Mexican Mint Marigold)","scientific_name":"Tagetes lucida","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; in zone 8–11 it overwinters and becomes a dependable perennial where French tarragon languishes in summer heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1/8 in deep in warm starting mix or propagate by stem cuttings, which root readily in moist perlite. Mexican tarragon thrives in the same hot, humid summers that kill French tarragon and delivers a very similar anise-like flavor; harvest foliage throughout the season by pinching stem tips. It blooms in fall with small golden-yellow flowers that attract butterflies — you can allow blooming or deadhead to maintain leaf production. In zone 9–11 the plant is perennial; cut back hard in early spring to stimulate fresh growth.","sources":["Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"milk-thistle","common_name":"Milk Thistle","scientific_name":"Silybum marianum","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal annual/biennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow in early spring 2–4 weeks before last frost; seeds germinate readily in cool soil and plants can handle light frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Direct sow 1/4 in deep in early spring; milk thistle germinates readily in cool, moist conditions and self-seeds vigorously once established. Plants become quite large and spiny — space generously and wear gloves when tending them. Monitor flower heads closely as seeds ripen quickly and can be scattered by wind; harvest heads when the fluffy pappus begins to appear but before seeds fully disperse. Dry seed heads on a tray, then thresh to separate the hard achenes, which are ground or extracted for their silymarin content in liver-supportive preparations.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"motherwort","common_name":"Motherwort","scientific_name":"Leonurus cardiaca","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow in early spring as the seed benefits from natural cold stratification or a brief refrigerator stratification period of 2–4 weeks."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow in early spring or late autumn and allow natural freeze-thaw cycles to stratify the seed over winter for strong spring germination. Motherwort thrives in partial shade and moderately fertile, well-drained soil, often naturalizing along hedgerows and woodland margins. Harvest the upper third of flowering stems just as the lower flowers begin to open, using aerial parts fresh or tinctured in alcohol. Wear gloves when harvesting as the prickly calyces are sharp; avoid use during pregnancy due to its uterine-stimulating properties.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"oregano","common_name":"Oregano","scientific_name":"Origanum vulgare","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost and transplant after danger of frost has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds on the surface of well-drained mix, pressing in lightly without covering since seeds need light to germinate. Plant in lean, gritty soil with excellent drainage; rich soil dilutes the essential oils that give oregano its pungency. Cut stems back by one-third after flowering to keep plants compact and productive. Harvest just as buds begin to open, when aromatic oil concentration is highest.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"parsley","common_name":"Parsley","scientific_name":"Petroselinum crispum","category":"herb","subcategory":"biennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow or start indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; parsley tolerates light spring frosts once established."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Soak seeds overnight to soften the hull, then sow 1/4 in deep; germination is notoriously slow—up to four weeks. Thin to 6–9 in and keep soil consistently moist, as parsley bolts quickly under drought stress. Apply a light nitrogen feed at mid-season to sustain lush leaf production. Harvest outer stems at the base, leaving the inner crown intact to keep the plant productive.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pennyroyal","common_name":"Pennyroyal","scientific_name":"Mentha pulegium","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":16},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds need light and keep soil consistently moist."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface-sow seeds onto moist starting mix as they need light to germinate, keeping the medium evenly moist throughout germination. Pennyroyal spreads by creeping stems and works well as a fragrant ground cover in moist, partially shaded spots; it spreads less aggressively than other mints. The intensely peppermint-scented leaves are used fresh or dried as a traditional flea-repelling herb for pet bedding and as a strewing herb. Caution: pennyroyal oil is highly toxic and internal use carries serious risk — use the dried herb only in small quantities for tea and keep away from pregnant women and pets.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"peppermint","common_name":"Peppermint","scientific_name":"Mentha x piperita","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Divide or transplant rooted runners in spring around the last frost date."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant divisions or purchased starts in moist, rich soil and install a root barrier or grow in sunken containers, as peppermint spreads aggressively via underground stolons. Keep soil consistently moist and mulch to retain moisture during dry spells. Cut plants back to a few inches after the first flush of growth to encourage denser, more flavorful regrowth. Harvest stems before flower buds open, when menthol content is at its peak.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"rosemary","common_name":"Rosemary","scientific_name":"Salvia rosmarinus","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":15,"max":25},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":180,"max":365},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"cutting","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Root softwood cuttings in late spring or early summer; transplant rooted cuttings after last frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Propagate from 4–6 in softwood cuttings stripped of lower leaves and set into gritty, free-draining medium; mist lightly and expect roots in 3–4 weeks. Plant in sharply drained, neutral to slightly alkaline soil and never let roots sit in standing water. In zones below 7, grow in containers and overwinter indoors in a bright, cool spot. Harvest stem tips freely; regular light trimming keeps the shrub compact and promotes fresh, aromatic growth.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"rue","common_name":"Rue","scientific_name":"Ruta graveolens","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after soil has warmed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seed 1/8 in deep indoors in a warm spot; rue germinates best at around 68°F. Plant in poor, well-drained, alkaline soil and avoid overhead watering to prevent fungal issues in the bluish-green foliage. Always wear gloves and long sleeves when handling rue, as the sap can cause severe phototoxic skin burns when exposed to sunlight. Harvest small sprigs of foliage before flowering for traditional uses as a strewing herb or insect deterrent; internal use requires professional guidance due to toxicity at high doses.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sage","common_name":"Sage","scientific_name":"Salvia officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after frost has passed and soil is warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seeds 1/8 in into well-drained seed mix and keep at 60–70°F; germination is steady but takes two to three weeks. Plant in sandy, well-drained soil in full sun; wet, poorly drained soil is the leading cause of sage death. Prune hard in early spring once new growth shows at the base to prevent the plant from becoming too woody. Harvest young leaves throughout the season, cutting stems back by no more than one-third at a time.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"self-heal","common_name":"Self-Heal","scientific_name":"Prunella vulgaris","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow in early spring; cold stratification for 2–3 weeks improves germination rates for this low-growing native plant."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface-sow seeds onto moist soil in early spring; a 2–3 week cold stratification in the fridge before sowing can improve germination rates. Self-heal spreads by stolons and will naturalize into a dense mat in moist, partly shaded spots; it tolerates light foot traffic and can work as a lawn substitute. Harvest aerial parts — leaves, stems, and flowers — when plants are in full bloom throughout summer, using them in poultices, teas, and infused preparations traditionally associated with wound healing. The purple flower spikes are also attractive and pollinator-friendly, making self-heal a useful dual-purpose ground cover.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"shiso","common_name":"Shiso / Perilla","scientific_name":"Perilla frutescens","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or just after last frost; shiso needs warm soil and will self-seed freely."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Refrigerate seeds for a few days before sowing to break dormancy, then surface-sow or cover with 1/8 in of soil after the last frost. Grow in rich, moist, well-drained soil in full sun; shiso tolerates partial shade but growth is less vigorous. Pinch flower spikes promptly to extend leaf production, or allow a few to go to seed for next year's volunteer plants. Harvest the large, ruffled leaves at any stage; young leaves are most tender and aromatic for fresh use.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"skullcap","common_name":"Skullcap","scientific_name":"Scutellaria lateriflora","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; cold-moist stratification for 4 weeks before sowing greatly improves germination of this native wildflower."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Cold-stratify seed in moist peat in the refrigerator for 4 weeks before surface-sowing onto a warm starting mix; germination is slow and erratic. Plant in partial shade with consistently moist, humus-rich soil that mimics its woodland-edge native habitat. Harvest aerial parts — stems, leaves, and small flowers — in full bloom during summer, using them fresh or dried for tinctures and teas valued for their calming properties. Divide established clumps every few years in early spring to maintain vigor.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"spearmint","common_name":"Spearmint","scientific_name":"Mentha spicata","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Divide established clumps or transplant rooted runners in spring near the last frost date."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Set divisions in fertile, moisture-retentive soil, planting at the same depth they grew previously, and contain the root run with a buried barrier to prevent unwanted spread. Water regularly and avoid prolonged drought, which causes leaves to toughen and lose flavor. Cut stems back by half after each main harvest to stimulate a fresh flush of tender shoots. Harvest stems once they reach 6–8 in tall, taking no more than one-third of the plant at once.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"st-johns-wort","common_name":"St. John's Wort","scientific_name":"Hypericum perforatum","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":30},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds need light, and a 2–3 week cold-moist stratification period can improve germination rates."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds onto moist mix; cold stratification for 2–3 weeks in the refrigerator prior to sowing can improve germination, especially with older seed. Plants thrive in poor, well-drained soil and become weedy in fertile conditions — resist the urge to fertilize. Harvest flower buds and newly opened blossoms around the summer solstice, when hypericin content peaks; rub a bud between your fingers and look for a red-purple stain confirming good potency. Dry flowers quickly on screens to preserve the active compounds.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"stevia","common_name":"Stevia","scientific_name":"Stevia rebaudiana","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":68,"max":78},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds shallowly, just pressing them into moist seed-starting mix, as light aids germination; note that germination rates for stevia seed can be inconsistent. Transplant into well-drained, fertile soil after temperatures are reliably warm, and water consistently—stevia is sensitive to both drought and waterlogging. Pinch growing tips early to encourage a bushy form with more harvestable leaf area. Harvest leaves before the plant flowers, when glycoside content (sweetness) is at its peak; dry or use fresh.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"stinging-nettle","common_name":"Stinging Nettle","scientific_name":"Urtica dioica","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow in early spring as soon as soil is workable; surface-sow as seeds need light and cool temperatures to germinate."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Surface-sow onto moist, nitrogen-rich soil in a dedicated bed with underground barriers if possible, as nettles spread aggressively by rhizome. Always wear thick gloves and long sleeves when handling plants, as the hollow stinging hairs inject formic acid on contact. Harvest young growing tips in early spring before plants reach knee height, using them in soups, teas, and nutritive infusions — cooking or drying neutralizes the sting completely. Cut plants back to the ground two or three times per season to encourage fresh new growth throughout the year.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"summer-savory","common_name":"Summer Savory","scientific_name":"Satureja hortensis","category":"herb","subcategory":"annual","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or just after last frost once soil has warmed to 60°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Press seeds lightly into the soil surface without covering, as they need light for good germination; thin seedlings to 6–9 in once they show two true leaves. Plant in full sun with very well-drained soil; summer savory tolerates lean soil and wilts under excess moisture. Pinch tips regularly to encourage branching and prevent early bolting in warm weather. Harvest whole stems just as flower buds begin to show for the best peppery flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"thyme","common_name":"Thyme","scientific_name":"Thymus vulgaris","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start seeds indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after last frost when soil is warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":16},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds under a thin layer of vermiculite and maintain warmth; germination is slow and irregular. Grow in fast-draining, slightly alkaline soil and avoid overwatering, which quickly leads to crown rot. Shear plants lightly in early spring to remove winter-killed wood and maintain a tidy mound. Harvest sprigs freely once plants are established; thyme's flavor is most concentrated before flowers open.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"valerian","common_name":"Valerian","scientific_name":"Valeriana officinalis","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; seed viability drops quickly so use fresh seed and surface-sow as light aids germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Use the freshest seed available, as viability declines within a year; surface-sow and keep cool and moist for best germination. Plants grow very tall in their second year and may need staking in windy locations; keep soil consistently moist and add compost annually. Remove flower heads in the first year to direct energy into root development. Harvest roots in the second autumn after the tops die back, washing and slicing them for drying; the characteristic musky odor intensifies as the root dries.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"vietnamese-coriander","common_name":"Vietnamese Coriander (Rau Ram)","scientific_name":"Persicaria odorata","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":null,"max":null},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":60},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Transplant rooted cuttings after frost in full sun to part shade; thrives in hot, humid conditions that make cilantro bolt."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Propagate from stem cuttings, which root readily in water or moist potting mix within a week; seed is rarely available. Vietnamese coriander prefers consistently moist, rich soil and tolerates partial shade — qualities that let it thrive in spots too hot or dry for cilantro. The pointed, dark-green leaves with chevron markings taste of cilantro with a peppery bite and are used raw in Vietnamese pho, salads, and noodle dishes. In zone 9 it may freeze back but generally rebounds from the root crown; mulch heavily in winter to protect roots.","sources":["general horticultural reference","university extension guides"]},{"slug":"wild-bergamot","common_name":"Wild Bergamot","scientific_name":"Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds are tiny and need light for good germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds onto moist starting mix and keep at 65–70°F; wild bergamot germinates in 10–21 days and is more drought-tolerant than the cultivated red bee balm. Plant in well-drained, average to lean soil in full sun for the most aromatic foliage and best disease resistance. Harvest leaves and flowers throughout summer for oregano-scented teas with a mild thymol character, used traditionally by many Indigenous nations for cold and fever support. Divide established clumps every 2–3 years as the center tends to die out.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"winter-savory","common_name":"Winter Savory","scientific_name":"Satureja montana","category":"herb","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after danger of frost has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":15},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":15},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds on barely moist seed-starting mix, pressing them in without covering; light aids germination. Plant out in sharply drained soil in full sun, spacing 12 in apart; winter savory is more drought-tolerant and woodier than its summer cousin. Trim lightly after flowering each year to prevent excessive woody growth. Harvest young shoot tips for the most intense, slightly resinous flavor; older stems are good for long-simmered dishes.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"wormwood","common_name":"Wormwood","scientific_name":"Artemisia absinthium","category":"herb","subcategory":"aromatic perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds need light and cool temperatures to germinate well."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds under bright light at around 65°F; germination is often irregular so sow more densely than needed and thin later. Plant in lean, sharply drained soil — wormwood is extremely drought-tolerant and declines in wet or rich ground. The silvery foliage contains allelopathic compounds that can inhibit neighboring plants, so site it away from vegetables and herbs you want to thrive. Harvest leafy stems before or just as flowering begins for maximum bitterness, drying upside-down in bundles for use as a moth-deterring sachets or for absinthe production where legal.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"yarrow","common_name":"Yarrow","scientific_name":"Achillea millefolium","category":"herb","subcategory":"medicinal perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":72},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; surface-sow as seeds need light to germinate well."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Surface-sow seeds onto moist starting mix and press gently; do not cover as light is needed for germination. Plant in well-drained, even poor soil — overly fertile ground produces floppy growth with reduced potency. Divide clumps every 2–3 years in spring to maintain vigor and prevent the center from dying out. Harvest flat-topped flower clusters when three-quarters of the flowers are open, using them fresh or dried for wound-healing poultices, teas, and dried flower arrangements.","sources":["general horticultural reference","USDA PLANTS Database"]},{"slug":"acorn-squash","common_name":"Acorn Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil is thoroughly warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":96},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in compost-enriched hills after soil reaches 65°F, planting 3–4 seeds per hill and thinning to 2. Allow vines to spread freely or train onto a sturdy trellis. Leave fruits on the vine until the rind is hard and resists a thumbnail; the stem will also begin to dry and cork over. Cure harvested squash at room temperature for 1–2 weeks to harden the skin before storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"arugula","common_name":"Arugula","scientific_name":"Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":21,"max":40},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; succession sow every 2–3 weeks through spring and again in fall."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast or sow in rows at 1/4 in depth in cool soil; arugula is one of the fastest salad greens to harvest. Thin to 4–6 in for full-sized leaves, or leave thicker for baby leaf harvests. Cut-and-come-again harvests are possible but quality drops quickly in warm weather as leaves become very pungent and plants bolt. Baby leaves at 2–3 in are mild; let them grow to 4–6 in for classic peppery flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"asparagus","common_name":"Asparagus","scientific_name":"Asparagus officinalis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":730,"max":1095},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"soil_workable","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant one-year-old crowns as soon as soil is workable in spring; dig 8-in-deep trenches and set crowns 18 in apart."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Set one-year crowns in 8-in-deep trenches with roots spread over a ridge of compost, then gradually backfill as growth emerges. Do not harvest any spears in the first year and harvest lightly in year two to let the root system build strength. Beginning in year three, cut or snap spears at soil level when they are 6–8 in tall and before the tips begin to feather open. Stop harvesting after 4–6 weeks to allow ferns to grow and replenish the crown for the next season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"banana-pepper","common_name":"Banana Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":75},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix and keep at 75–80°F until sprouts appear. Transplant to the garden after last frost and water evenly to maintain steady growth and prevent fruit splitting. Banana peppers are mild and productive; pick fruits at 4–6 inches long when pale yellow for the mildest flavor. Leaving fruits to mature to orange or red increases both sweetness and slight heat.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"beet","common_name":"Beet","scientific_name":"Beta vulgaris","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before the last frost; make a second sowing in late summer for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":3,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":14},"spread_in":{"min":3,"max":5},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow beet clusters (each is a multi-seeded fruit) 1/2 in deep in rows 12 in apart. Because each corky seed can produce 2–3 seedlings, thin early to 3–4 in to avoid crowding, and use the thinnings as salad greens. Maintain even soil moisture to prevent woody, cracked roots. Harvest globe roots at 1.5–3 in diameter; larger roots become pithy and lose sweetness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bell-pepper","common_name":"Bell Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":85},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant 2 weeks after frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix; peppers germinate best when soil stays above 75°F. Harden off transplants over 7–10 days before planting, and wait until soil temperature reaches at least 65°F. Keep moisture consistent to prevent fruit drop, and apply a balanced fertilizer once flowering begins. Pick green for mild flavor or leave on the plant to ripen to red, yellow, or orange for maximum sweetness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bitter-melon","common_name":"Bitter Melon (Bitter Gourd)","scientific_name":"Momordica charantia","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":75},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Start indoors 2–4 weeks before last frost; transplant after soil warms to 75°F — the hotter the summer, the better it performs."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nick the seed coat or soak seeds 24 hours before sowing to improve germination; sow 1/2 in deep in warm starting mix at 80–85°F. Provide a trellis at least 6 feet tall — the vines climb by tendrils and produce more fruit when grown vertically. Hand-pollinate by transferring pollen from male to female flowers (female has a tiny immature fruit at the base) using a soft brush to improve fruit set in low-insect conditions. Harvest when fruits are still firm, bright green, and about 4–6 in long; fully ripe fruits turn orange-yellow and split open, revealing red-coated seeds that birds relish but the bitter flesh is no longer palatable.","sources":["general horticultural reference","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"black-eyed-pea","common_name":"Black-Eyed Pea","scientific_name":"Vigna unguiculata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":90},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks after last frost when soil is thoroughly warm; cowpeas are more heat- and drought-tolerant than common beans."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in warm, well-drained soil; black-eyed peas tolerate poor, sandy soils and summer drought better than most vegetables. Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen, as they fix their own from the atmosphere. Harvest immature pods at 3–4 in for snap use, or allow pods to swell fully and turn pale tan for fresh shell peas; dry the remaining pods completely for storage as dried beans.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bok-choy","common_name":"Bok Choy","scientific_name":"Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow around last frost date in spring; for fall harvest, sow 6–8 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow seed 1/4 in deep in fertile, moisture-retentive soil and thin to 6–12 in depending on whether you want baby or full-sized heads. Provide consistent moisture and feed lightly with nitrogen; drought stress and heat both trigger premature bolting. Harvest baby bok choy at 4–6 in tall by cutting at the soil line, or allow full-sized types to reach 12–18 in. The whole plant is edible—cut at the base and the plant may re-sprout for a second harvest.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"broccoli","common_name":"Broccoli","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. italica","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant 2–4 weeks before last frost once seedlings are stocky."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in starter mix and keep at 70–75°F until germination, then grow on in bright light to prevent leggy transplants. Set out 2–4 weeks before last frost and fertilize with a nitrogen-rich feed at planting and again when heads begin to form. Harvest the central head while florets are still tight and dark green, before any yellow shows. Cut with a few inches of stem to encourage side-shoot production after the main head is removed.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"broccoli-raab","common_name":"Broccoli Raab (Rapini)","scientific_name":"Brassica rapa subsp. ruvo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":40,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost for spring crop; sow again in late summer for fall harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow seed 1/4 in deep and thin to 4–6 in; rapini grows quickly and is best as a cool-season crop because heat intensifies bitterness and accelerates bolting. Side-dress with nitrogen once plants are established to encourage the leafy shoot growth that is the primary harvest. Harvest when flower buds are visible but before they open fully, cutting the top 6–8 in of the shoot with leaves included. Repeated cuts extend the harvest, as side shoots continue to develop after the main stem is removed.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"brussels-sprouts","common_name":"Brussels Sprouts","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-18,"max":-14},"note":"Start indoors 14–18 weeks before first fall frost so plants mature in cool autumn weather."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow 1/4 in deep indoors under bright lights; transplant into deeply prepared soil and stake tall plants against wind. When sprouts at the base reach marble size, remove the growing tip (topping) to concentrate energy and speed maturation of the remaining sprouts. Harvest sprouts from the bottom of the stalk upward once they are 1–2 in across and tight. Flavor peaks after exposure to a hard frost.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bulb-onion","common_name":"Bulb Onion","scientific_name":"Allium cepa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Plant sets or transplants 2–4 weeks before last frost; onions from sets mature faster and are simpler for home gardeners."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":3,"max":5},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Press sets or transplants 1 in deep with the pointed tip facing up in rich, well-drained, loose soil. Onion bulb size is determined by the number of leaves at the time of bulbing: each leaf corresponds to a ring, so healthy top growth is essential throughout spring. Reduce watering once the necks begin to soften and tops start to fall over naturally. Cure harvested bulbs in a warm, airy spot for 2–3 weeks before moving to dry, cool storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"bush-bean","common_name":"Bush Bean","scientific_name":"Phaseolus vulgaris","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":65},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after the last frost when soil is reliably warm; succession sow every 2–3 weeks for a continuous harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in well-drained soil once nighttime temperatures stay above 50°F. Avoid overhead watering once flowers appear to reduce bean rust and fungal issues. Pick pods when they snap cleanly and the seeds inside are still small; regular harvesting extends production. Inoculating seed with rhizobium before planting boosts nitrogen fixation and yield.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"butternut-squash","common_name":"Butternut Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita moschata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":110},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost; count back from first fall frost to ensure enough days to maturity."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow 2–3 seeds 1 inch deep per hill in fertile, well-drained soil and thin to the strongest vine. Butternut is a long-season crop, so calculate the days to maturity against your first fall frost date before planting. The vines spread widely; allow 8–10 feet of run per plant. Harvest when the skin has turned uniformly tan and the stem dries out fully; cure for 10–14 days in a warm location before storing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cabbage","common_name":"Cabbage","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. capitata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant 4 weeks before last frost for spring crop, or start midsummer for fall harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":1,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep indoors and harden seedlings off gradually before setting out into cool soil. Feed transplants with a balanced fertilizer at planting and side-dress with nitrogen when heads begin to size. Keep soil moisture consistent, as uneven watering causes heads to split. Harvest when the head feels firm and solid when squeezed; a light frost sweetens the flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cantaloupe","common_name":"Cantaloupe / Muskmelon","scientific_name":"Cucumis melo var. reticulatus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":90},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil reaches 65°F; can start indoors 2–3 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, fertile hills after all frost danger has passed, planting 4–5 seeds per hill and thinning to 2. Reduce watering as fruits near maturity to concentrate sugars in the flesh. Ripe cantaloupes emit a sweet fragrance at the blossom end and slip easily from the vine with gentle pressure; this is called full-slip harvest. Avoid overwatering late in the season, which dilutes flavor and can cause splitting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"carrot","common_name":"Carrot","scientific_name":"Daucus carota subsp. sativus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-3,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 3 weeks before to 2 weeks after last frost; succession sow every 3 weeks."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":3},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":2,"max":3},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in loose, stone-free soil and keep the surface consistently moist until sprouting, which is slow. Thin seedlings to 2–3 in so roots can size up. Harvest when shoulders reach desired diameter; flavor sweetens after a light frost.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cauliflower","common_name":"Cauliflower","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. botrytis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant about 4 weeks before last frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow 1/4 in deep in well-drained starter mix 6–8 weeks before transplanting; cauliflower is sensitive to temperature swings and nutrient deficiencies. When the developing curd is about the size of a golf ball, gather outer leaves over it and secure with a rubber band to blanch for white varieties. Harvest when the head is firm, tight, and 6–8 in across before the curds begin to separate. Consistent soil moisture and boron-sufficient soil prevent hollow stem and poor curd formation.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cayenne-pepper","common_name":"Cayenne Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix, maintaining soil temperature above 75°F for prompt sprouting. Set transplants out once the garden is fully warm and side-dress with a balanced fertilizer once plants begin flowering. Thin-walled cayenne fruits dry exceptionally well; allow them to redden fully on the plant before harvesting for drying. String harvested peppers in a warm, airy location or use a dehydrator to preserve them.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"celeriac","common_name":"Celeriac","scientific_name":"Apium graveolens var. rapaceum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before the last frost; transplant after frost danger has passed when plants are 3–4 in tall."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":16},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Sow seeds on the surface of moist starting mix — they need light to germinate — and barely cover with vermiculite; seedling growth is extremely slow for the first 6 weeks. Transplant into rich, consistently moist soil and remove the lower side shoots throughout summer to encourage bulb development. Celeriac bulbs are at their best after light autumn frosts, which deepen the nutty flavor. Harvest before the ground freezes hard; trim roots and leaves and store in slightly moist sand in a cold root cellar.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"celery","common_name":"Celery","scientific_name":"Apium graveolens var. dulce","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"stem","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":130},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger passes and soil has warmed slightly."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Surface-sow or barely cover tiny seed with 1/8 in of moist mix; celery germinates slowly and needs consistent warmth and bright light from the start. Transplant into deeply prepared, rich soil and provide consistent, abundant moisture throughout the season, as drought quickly causes tough, stringy stalks. Hill soil around the base or use collars to blanch stalks to a paler color and milder flavor if desired. Harvest entire plants by cutting at soil level when stalks are 12–18 in tall and firm.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"chickpea","common_name":"Chickpea (Garbanzo Bean)","scientific_name":"Cicer arietinum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":12},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":110},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":0},"note":"Sow around the last frost date; chickpeas prefer a cool start but need warm, dry weather to mature properly."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow chickpeas 2 in deep in light, well-drained soil with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH; they perform poorly in heavy, waterlogged ground. The plants produce distinctive sticky, glandular hairs on stems and pods that can cause a mild skin reaction in sensitive individuals, so harvest with gloves. Pick pods when they are green and plump for fresh eating, or leave plants to dry fully in place and harvest entire plants when 90% of pods have turned tan. Shell and sun-dry for a day before long-term storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"collard-greens","common_name":"Collard Greens","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. viridis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":75},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow or transplant around last frost date in spring; for fall, direct sow 8–10 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/2 in deep in fertile soil and thin to 18–24 in; collards are heat-tolerant among brassicas and can produce well into summer in the South. Fertilize with nitrogen every 4–6 weeks to maintain vigorous leaf production on these tall, long-season plants. Begin harvesting lower, fully expanded leaves once plants are 10–12 in tall, always leaving the top growing cluster intact. Frost sweetens the leaves substantially; plants may overwinter in zones 7–9.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"cucumber","common_name":"Cucumber","scientific_name":"Cucumis sativus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil temperature is at least 65°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"high","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in hills or rows once soil has warmed to at least 65°F. Cucumbers are high feeders; amend beds with compost and side-dress with nitrogen once vines begin running. Train vines onto a trellis to improve airflow and make harvest easier. Pick slicing types at 6–8 inches and pickling types at 2–4 inches to keep plants productive and prevent bitterness from over-ripe fruit.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"daikon-radish","common_name":"Daikon Radish","scientific_name":"Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Best sown 8–10 weeks before the first autumn frost; long roots develop best in cooling soil."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/2 in deep in deeply tilled or raised beds; daikon roots can extend 18 in or more and will fork or bend in compacted soil. Thin seedlings to 6 in early for best root development and use thinnings as microgreens. Harvest at 12–18 in length before hard freezes, though a light frost mellows the sharp pungency. Daikon is also used as a tillage radish cover crop to break up hardpan.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"delicata-squash","common_name":"Delicata Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil is warm and settled."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":84},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, fertile soil after last frost, placing 2–3 seeds per hill and thinning to one. Delicata is relatively compact for a winter squash, making it suitable for smaller gardens. The cream-and-green striped skin becomes creamy yellow with green stripes as it matures. Harvest when the background color shifts from white to creamy yellow and the skin resists puncture with a thumbnail.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"edamame","common_name":"Edamame (Soybean)","scientific_name":"Glycine max","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":3},"note":"Sow 1–3 weeks after last frost when soil has reached at least 60°F; cold, wet soil causes seed rot."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 to 1.5 in deep in rows 18–24 in apart; inoculate with soybean-specific rhizobium for best nitrogen fixation. Edamame is self-supporting but benefits from well-drained, fertile soil with only modest added nitrogen. Harvest when pods are bright green, plump, and the seeds fill the pod but the shell has not yet begun to yellow. To harvest, pull the entire plant and strip pods at once; blanch immediately for best flavor and color.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"eggplant","common_name":"Eggplant","scientific_name":"Solanum melongena","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":90},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant 2–3 weeks after frost danger has passed when soil is warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix and maintain soil temperature above 80°F for the best germination rates. Eggplant demands the warmest possible spot in the garden; cold soil stunts growth significantly, so do not rush transplanting. Mulch heavily to hold soil warmth and moisture, and fertilize with a phosphorus-rich blend to promote flowering. Harvest fruits while the skin is still glossy, as dull skin signals over-maturity and bitterness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"endive","common_name":"Endive","scientific_name":"Cichorium endivia","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":9},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-14,"max":-12},"note":"For best quality, sow in midsummer so heads mature in cool fall weather 12–14 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":16},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in fertile soil and thin to 10–14 in; endive has a long growing season and benefits from cool temperatures during head development. Blanch curly endive (frisée) by tying outer leaves over the heart for 10 days before harvest to reduce bitterness. Harvest by cutting the whole head at soil level once it feels firm and the inner leaves are pale and well-formed. Light frost improves flavor by reducing bitterness slightly.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"escarole","common_name":"Escarole","scientific_name":"Cichorium endivia var. latifolium","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":9},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-14,"max":-12},"note":"Sow in midsummer so the broad-leaved head matures in cool fall weather, 12–14 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":16},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":16},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in well-amended soil; escarole forms broad, flat rosettes with broad wavy leaves that are less bitter than curly endive. Blanch by gathering outer leaves and tying them over the center for 10–14 days before harvest to produce a creamy, tender heart. Harvest the full rosette by cutting at the soil line when heads are 12–14 in across. Escarole holds well in the garden through light frosts, which improve its mellow, slightly bitter flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"fava-bean","common_name":"Fava Bean","scientific_name":"Vicia faba","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before the last spring frost; in mild-winter areas, sow in autumn for a spring harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 2 in deep in cool, moist soil; they germinate well even near freezing and are damaged by summer heat. Pinch out the top few inches of growth once the first pods begin to set to discourage black bean aphids, which congregate on tender new shoots. Harvest young pods when about 3 in long for eating whole, or let them fill out for shelling; seeds toughen quickly once they lighten in color. Support tall varieties with stakes and twine as plants approach flowering.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"florence-fennel","common_name":"Florence Fennel","scientific_name":"Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"stem","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow around last frost date; florence fennel resents transplanting and bolts readily under heat or day-length stress."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow seed 1/4 in deep in well-drained, fertile soil and thin to 10–12 in; do not disturb roots once established. When the bulb-like base swells to tennis-ball size, mound soil or compost around it to blanch and sweeten the bulb. Harvest by cutting at or just below soil level when the bulb is 3–4 in across and firm. Choose bolt-resistant varieties for spring planting; fall crops generally produce better bulbs with less risk of premature bolting.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sorrel","common_name":"Garden Sorrel","scientific_name":"Rumex acetosa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-2,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow around last frost date; established plants return each spring and produce for many years."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":7},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in well-drained soil and thin to 12–18 in; sorrel is a perennial that emerges early in spring and can be one of the first greens harvested each year. Remove flower stalks as they appear to keep the plant in vegetative production and prevent self-seeding. Harvest young, tender leaves 3–4 in long for the mildest lemony flavor; large, older leaves become coarser. Divide clumps every 3–4 years to rejuvenate the plant and control its spread.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"garlic","common_name":"Garlic","scientific_name":"Allium sativum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":240,"max":270},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Plant cloves 4–6 weeks before the ground freezes in autumn so roots establish before winter; spring planting produces smaller bulbs."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Break bulbs into individual cloves and plant each 2 in deep, pointed tip up, in well-amended soil enriched with compost; hardneck varieties are better for cold climates while softneck types store longer. Mulch the bed with 4–6 in of straw after the ground freezes to insulate and prevent heaving. Snap off hardneck scapes in early summer to redirect energy to the bulb. Harvest when the lower 4–5 leaves have dried to brown but 5–6 green leaves remain, then cure in a shaded, breezy spot for 3–4 weeks.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"ginger","common_name":"Ginger","scientific_name":"Zingiber officinale","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":240},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Start rhizome pieces indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; move outside only after all danger of frost has passed and temperatures are consistently warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"partial","water":"high","directions":"Break fresh ginger rhizomes into 1–2 in pieces each with a visible growth bud and pre-sprout them in a warm, moist environment for 2–3 weeks before planting 2 in deep in rich, moisture-retentive soil. Ginger thrives in dappled shade and resents direct afternoon sun in hot climates. Keep soil consistently moist and avoid letting it dry out. Harvest young ginger in as little as 4–5 months for milder flavor, or leave in the ground until foliage yellows for full-size, more pungent roots.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"globe-artichoke","common_name":"Globe Artichoke","scientific_name":"Cynara scolymus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; expose seedlings to cool temperatures (50°F) for 2 weeks before transplanting to vernalize and trigger bud set."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep indoors and expose young plants to 2 weeks of 50°F nights to vernalize them for first-year bud production. Transplant into deeply amended, well-drained soil in a permanent location, as plants are long-lived when winters are mild enough. Harvest the central bud first, while bracts are tight and the stem snaps cleanly, then side buds as they develop. In zones 7–9, cut plants back to 12 in after harvest and mulch heavily for overwintering; divide clumps every 3–4 years to maintain vigor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"green-onion","common_name":"Green Onion (Scallion)","scientific_name":"Allium fistulosum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Direct sow from 4 weeks before to the time of the last frost; succession sow every 3 weeks throughout the growing season."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":1,"max":2},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 in deep in bands 3–4 in wide rather than single rows to maximize bed productivity. Thin seedlings to 1–2 in apart; the thinnings are already usable as tiny scallions. Water steadily to keep growth rapid and tender; drought causes tough, hot-tasting stems. Pull bunching types when stems reach pencil width, or cut leaves an inch above the base and allow them to regrow for a second harvest.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"ground-cherry","common_name":"Ground Cherry","scientific_name":"Physalis pruinosa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds shallowly, just 1/8 inch deep, in warm starting mix 6–8 weeks before the last frost. Transplant to the garden once nighttime temperatures stay above 50°F and provide moderate, consistent moisture. Fruits drop to the ground when ripe, so check beneath the plants frequently once husks begin to dry and turn tan. The papery husk protects fallen fruit and allows it to keep for several weeks at room temperature.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"habanero","common_name":"Habanero Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum chinense","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":80,"max":90},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-12,"max":-10},"note":"Start indoors 10–12 weeks before last frost due to the long growing season; transplant 2 weeks after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep and maintain soil temperature at 85–90°F to achieve reliable germination, as Capsicum chinense species are notably slow to sprout. Transplant into the warmest, most sheltered spot in the garden once conditions are fully settled. Consistent feeding with a potassium-rich fertilizer during fruiting will maximize yields. Harvest when fruits reach their characteristic orange or red color and feel firm; handle with gloves due to extreme capsaicin levels.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"head-lettuce","common_name":"Head Lettuce (Butterhead)","scientific_name":"Lactuca sativa var. capitata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":2,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":75},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Sow 2–4 weeks before last frost for spring crop; sow again in late summer for fall harvest."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed at 1/8 in depth and thin to 8–12 in once seedlings are 2 in tall; butterhead types form loose, tender heads with buttery inner leaves. Keep soil evenly moist and mulch to maintain cool root temperatures, as heat quickly triggers bolting. Harvest heads by cutting at the base when they feel moderately firm but before the center begins to elongate, which signals imminent bolting. Outer leaves can be removed as the head develops to stretch the harvest period over several weeks.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"honeydew-melon","common_name":"Honeydew Melon","scientific_name":"Cucumis melo var. inodorus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":90},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil is warm; in short-season climates, start indoors 3 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, well-drained soil enriched with compost, in hills of 4–5 seeds thinned to 2. Honeydew requires a longer, hotter season than cantaloupe; black plastic mulch is helpful in northern climates to boost soil warmth. Unlike cantaloupes, honeydews do not slip from the vine when ripe, so judge by skin color changing to creamy white, a waxy feel, and a sweet aroma from the blossom end. Cut fruits from the vine with a knife rather than pulling.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"horseradish","common_name":"Horseradish","scientific_name":"Armoracia rusticana","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":180},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Plant root cuttings 2–4 weeks before last frost; any root left in the soil will regenerate, so choose the site carefully as it becomes permanent."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant 6–8 in root cuttings (thongs) at a 45-degree angle, 2–3 in deep, in deeply tilled, fertile soil; vertical planting produces rougher roots while angled planting encourages smoother, straight taproots. Horseradish is extremely vigorous and should be contained or given a dedicated bed where spreading is acceptable. Harvest main roots in autumn after the first hard frost triggers maximum heat and oil development. Save pencil-thick side roots to replant as next year's cuttings.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"jalapeno","common_name":"Jalapeño","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":85},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in a warm starting mix and maintain soil temperature above 75°F for best germination. Transplant to the garden once nights are reliably warm and the soil is fully settled. For hotter fruit, allow stress by reducing water slightly as fruits mature. Harvest at 3–4 inches long while still firm and dark green, or leave on the plant until red for a milder, slightly sweeter heat.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"jerusalem-artichoke","common_name":"Jerusalem Artichoke","scientific_name":"Helianthus tuberosus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":150},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Plant tubers 2–4 weeks before the last frost; Jerusalem artichokes are extremely cold-hardy and will regrow reliably each spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Plant small, golf-ball-sized tubers 4 in deep in any well-drained soil; sunchokes tolerate poor, dry conditions and will crowd out weeds once established. Contain plantings with a buried barrier or dedicate a permanent bed, as any tuber left behind will regrow. Harvest tubers after the first hard frost sweetens them by converting inulin to sugars, digging with a fork and leaving the smallest tubers to perpetuate the planting. Store freshly dug tubers in the refrigerator as they do not keep well at room temperature.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"jicama","common_name":"Jicama","scientific_name":"Pachyrhizus erosus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":210},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Sow 2–4 weeks after last frost into warm soil; jicama needs a long frost-free season of at least 5 months and thrives in zone 9–11 Gulf Coast conditions."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow scarified seeds 1 in deep in loose, deep, well-drained soil 2–4 weeks after the last frost once soil is thoroughly warm. Jicama is a vigorous vine requiring a sturdy trellis; pinch flower buds as they appear throughout the season — leaving flowers reduces tuber size dramatically since the plant diverts energy to seed set. Begin harvesting small tubers at about 5 months; larger tubers become more fibrous if left past 9 months. Only the roots are edible — all above-ground parts, including seeds and pods, contain rotenone and are toxic.","sources":["Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"yam-bean","common_name":"Jicama (Yam Bean)","scientific_name":"Pachyrhizus erosus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":150,"max":180},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Sow after last frost when soil is warm; jicama requires a long, frost-free season of at least 5 months to form substantial roots."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in warm, well-drained soil after soaking them overnight to speed germination. Remove all flower buds as they appear throughout the season; allowing flowering diverts energy from root development and shortens the season significantly. Vines can climb and should be trellised or allowed to sprawl; note that all aerial parts of the plant (seeds, pods, leaves) are toxic — only the root is edible. Harvest roots after the first cool weather of autumn when skins turn tan and cork-like.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"kale","common_name":"Kale","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. sabellica","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow or transplant 2–4 weeks before last frost in spring; sow again in late summer for a fall and overwintering crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep and thin to 12–18 in; kale tolerates crowding better than most brassicas but produces larger leaves with proper spacing. Side-dress with compost or a nitrogen fertilizer midseason to support continued leaf production. Harvest outer leaves first, leaving the growing center intact to keep the plant producing. Flavor becomes noticeably sweeter after the first hard frost, and plants often survive winter in zones 7 and warmer.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"kohlrabi","common_name":"Kohlrabi","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last spring frost, or sow in late summer for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":5,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow seed 1/4 in deep in cool, fertile soil and thin plants to 5–8 in to give the swollen stem room to develop. Keep soil consistently moist, as drought stress causes the bulb to become woody and strongly flavored. Harvest when the swollen stem is 2–3 in across for best tenderness; larger bulbs become fibrous. Pull the whole plant and trim the leaves before storing in the refrigerator.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"leaf-lettuce","common_name":"Leaf Lettuce","scientific_name":"Lactuca sativa var. crispa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":2,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":55},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; succession sow every 2 weeks through spring, then again in fall."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Scatter or row-sow seed on the surface or barely cover with 1/8 in of soil, as light aids germination. Thin to 6–10 in and use thinnings as baby greens in salads to avoid waste. Harvest outer leaves continuously once plants are 4–6 in tall, or cut the entire plant an inch above the soil line for a cut-and-come-again harvest. Bolting in warm weather makes leaves bitter; provide shade cloth in late spring to extend the season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"leek","common_name":"Leek","scientific_name":"Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":130},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before the last frost; transplant seedlings into deep trenches after the last frost date."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep indoors in flats and thin to 2 in; transplant pencil-thick seedlings into 6-in-deep trenches, dropping each plant into a dibber hole and filling with water rather than soil to encourage a long white shank. Gradually fill trenches and hill up soil around stems as they grow to blanch the shanks. Leeks tolerate hard frost and can be left in the ground well into winter for a late harvest. Dig as needed once shanks reach 1 in or more in diameter.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lentil","common_name":"Lentil","scientific_name":"Lens culinaris","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":110},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; lentils prefer cool growing conditions and deteriorate in summer heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in rows 18 in apart in well-drained, moderately fertile soil; avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers that delay podding. The slender, branching plants benefit from brushy twigs as supports to keep pods off the ground and improve air circulation. Harvest the entire plant when the majority of lower pods have turned tan but before they shatter. Thresh by beating dried plants on a tarp and winnow lightly to clean seed before storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"lima-bean","common_name":"Lima Bean","scientific_name":"Phaseolus lunatus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":18},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":3},"note":"Sow 2–3 weeks after last frost; lima beans demand warm soil and will rot in cold, wet ground."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 to 1.5 in deep in loose, warm soil with the eye of the bean facing downward. Lima beans are sensitive to drought during flowering; irregular moisture can cause blossom drop and reduced pod set. For fresh shell use, harvest pods when they are bright green and plump but before they begin to fade or yellow. Allow pods to dry completely on the vine for dry bean storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"luffa","common_name":"Luffa / Sponge Gourd","scientific_name":"Luffa aegyptiaca","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-3},"note":"Start indoors 3–4 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed. Luffa requires a long, hot season."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Nick or soak seeds for 24 hours before sowing 1/2 inch deep indoors 3–4 weeks before last frost to give this long-season crop a head start. Provide a very sturdy trellis, as vines can reach 15 feet and carry heavy fruit. For eating, harvest young fruits at 4–6 inches before the fibrous skeleton hardens. For sponges, allow fruits to fully mature and dry on the vine until the skin browns, then soak in water, peel, and rinse out the seeds.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"mache","common_name":"Mache (Corn Salad)","scientific_name":"Valerianella locusta","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":60},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Sow 4–6 weeks before first frost for fall and winter harvest; also sow in very early spring as soon as soil can be worked."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":8},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast or row-sow seed at 1/4 in depth in cool soil and keep moist; mache is extraordinarily cold-tolerant and grows slowly through winter in mild climates. Thin to 4–6 in for well-formed rosettes, though closer spacing produces acceptable baby greens. Harvest entire rosettes by cutting at the soil line, or pinch individual rosettes for salad use. Mache does not tolerate heat and will quickly bolt and disappear as spring temperatures rise; enjoy it as a winter green.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"malabar-spinach","common_name":"Malabar Spinach","scientific_name":"Basella alba","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"greens","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":0},"note":"Start indoors 4 weeks before last frost; transplant once nights stay above 55°F — the heat-season answer to spinach for zone 8–11 gardens."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Soak seeds overnight before sowing to soften the hard seed coat; germination is slow but improves significantly with scarification and warm soil above 70°F. Provide a trellis or fence — the twining vines reach 6–10 feet and produce heavily when they climb. Harvest young leaves and stem tips frequently; the leaves are mucilaginous (similar to okra) and excellent in stir-fries, soups, and anywhere cooked greens are used. The red-stemmed variety (Basella rubra) is slightly more ornamental and equally productive — both tolerate heat and humidity that quickly kills regular spinach.","sources":["general horticultural reference","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"mustard-greens","common_name":"Mustard Greens","scientific_name":"Brassica juncea","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":50},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost in spring; succession sow every 2–3 weeks and again in early fall."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast or row-sow seed at 1/4 in depth and thin to 6–12 in; mustard germinates rapidly even in cool soil. Begin harvesting outer leaves when plants are 6–8 in tall for mild flavor, or allow larger leaves to develop for a stronger pungency. Hot weather causes rapid bolting and sharply increases bitterness, so time sowings to mature in cool conditions. Baby leaves can be cut at 3–4 weeks as a spicy salad green.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"napa-cabbage","common_name":"Napa Cabbage","scientific_name":"Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"For fall crop, direct sow 8–10 weeks before first frost; for spring, sow as soon as soil can be worked and harvest before summer heat triggers bolting."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Direct sow 1/4 in deep in fertile, well-drained soil and thin to 12–18 in once seedlings are 3–4 in tall. Water regularly, as dry spells encourage premature bolting in warm weather. Fall planting generally produces better-quality heads with fewer pest problems. Harvest when heads feel firm and compact, cutting at the base before temperatures drop below 20°F.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"new-zealand-spinach","common_name":"New Zealand Spinach","scientific_name":"Tetragonia tetragonioides","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":10,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow after last frost when soil has warmed; soak seeds overnight to speed germination."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Nick or soak seed for 24 hours before sowing 1/2 in deep after soil has warmed to at least 60°F; germination is slow and erratic without pre-soaking. Plants spread vigorously and fill space, so allow ample room of 2–3 ft per plant. Harvest by pinching stem tips of 3–4 in including the attached young leaves; regular harvesting keeps growth compact and productive through the entire warm season. Unlike true spinach, New Zealand spinach thrives in heat and is not bothered by long days, making it a valuable summer substitute.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"okra","common_name":"Okra","scientific_name":"Abelmoschus esculentus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":65},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks after last frost once soil temperature reaches at least 65°F; okra thrives in heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Soak seeds in water for 12–24 hours before sowing 1 inch deep to soften the hard seed coat and speed germination. Plant in the hottest, sunniest spot available, as okra is a true heat-lover and grows slowly in cool conditions. Side-dress with a nitrogen-rich fertilizer when plants reach 12 inches tall to promote vigorous growth. Harvest pods every 2–3 days when they are 3–4 inches long and still tender; pods left to mature become tough and woody and reduce plant productivity.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"parsnip","common_name":"Parsnip","scientific_name":"Pastinaca sativa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":28},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":65},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":130},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Sow fresh seed 2–4 weeks before the last frost; parsnip seed has a very short viability window so always use seed from the current season."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":3,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow 3 seeds per station 1/2 in deep in very deeply dug, stone-free soil and thin to the strongest seedling; long taproots will fork in compacted ground. Parsnip germination is notoriously slow and erratic — sowing radish seed in the same row acts as a quick-germinating row marker. Leave roots in the ground through autumn frosts, which convert starches to sugars for a sweeter harvest. Wear gloves when handling foliage in bright sun to avoid phototoxic sap burns.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pattypan-squash","common_name":"Pattypan Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":65},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil temperature is at least 65°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, fertile soil in hills of 2–3 seeds, thinning to the strongest plant. Consistent moisture at the root zone keeps the bush compact and productive throughout the season. Pattypan's distinctive flying-saucer shape makes sizing easy. Harvest when fruits are 2–3 inches across for the most tender flesh; over-mature fruits become tough and seedy.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"peanut","common_name":"Peanut","scientific_name":"Arachis hypogaea","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":100,"max":150},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Sow 2–4 weeks after last frost; peanuts need a long, frost-free growing season of at least 120 days."},"usda_zones":{"min":6,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Shell peanuts and plant seeds 2 in deep in loose, sandy, well-drained soil; heavy clay prevents proper peg penetration and pod development. After flowering, keep the area around plants free of weeds and loosen surface soil lightly so fertilization pegs can easily enter the ground. Harvest when foliage begins to yellow and the inner shell veins turn dark, by lifting the entire plant with a fork. Cure plants upside-down in a warm, airy location for 2–3 weeks before removing pods.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pigeon-pea","common_name":"Pigeon Pea","scientific_name":"Cajanus cajan","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":180},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":6},"note":"Direct sow 2–6 weeks after last frost; in zone 9–11 pigeon pea grows as a woody short-lived perennial and may produce for 3–5 years before replanting."},"usda_zones":{"min":9,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in well-drained, low-fertility soil; pigeon pea is a deep-rooted drought tolerant shrub that fixes nitrogen and does not require fertilization. It grows into a woody perennial in frost-free zones and produces pods over an extended season rather than all at once. Harvest green pods when plump for fresh shelling or allow to dry on the plant for dried dal. Prune back to 2–3 ft after the main harvest season to stimulate a second flush of growth and pods.","sources":["ECHO technical notes","general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"poblano","common_name":"Poblano Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":65,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant 2 weeks after frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix and provide bottom heat around 80°F to speed germination. Transplant to fertile, well-drained soil once nights are consistently above 55°F. Water deeply but infrequently to encourage deep rooting and reduce disease pressure. Harvest dark green fruits at 4–5 inches long for fresh use, or allow to turn red and dry them for ancho chiles.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pole-bean","common_name":"Pole Bean","scientific_name":"Phaseolus vulgaris","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Sow after last frost when soil is warm; erect a trellis or pole structure before sowing to avoid disturbing roots later."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant seeds 1 in deep at the base of a sturdy trellis or teepee of poles set 6–8 ft tall, spacing 3 seeds per pole. Vines twine naturally but may need early guidance toward supports. Harvest pods before seeds bulge prominently for the tenderest texture. Pole beans produce over a longer season than bush types, so keep picking to prevent pod maturation from stopping new flower set.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"popcorn","common_name":"Popcorn","scientific_name":"Zea mays var. everta","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"grain","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":110},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at or up to 2 weeks after last frost once soil reaches at least 60°F. Isolate from sweet corn by at least 250 feet or time plantings to avoid simultaneous silking."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":48,"max":72},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1–2 inches deep in blocks of at least 4 rows for proper wind pollination, isolating from sweet corn to prevent cross-pollination that ruins eating quality. Side-dress with nitrogen at knee-height and again when tassels appear. Leave ears on the stalk past eating stage until husks are completely brown and papery; pull husks back and hang ears in a dry, ventilated spot for 4–6 weeks until kernels release from the cob easily. Kernels are ready to pop when moisture content drops to around 14%.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"potato","common_name":"Potato","scientific_name":"Solanum tuberosum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Plant seed pieces 2–4 weeks before last frost when soil reaches 45°F; in warm climates a second planting is made in late summer for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant certified seed potatoes cut to egg-sized pieces (each with 1–2 eyes) 4 in deep in trenches spaced 30 in apart. Hill soil up around the stems as they grow, keeping tubers covered to prevent greening from light exposure. Water consistently and watch for late blight in humid weather — infected foliage should be removed promptly to protect tubers. Harvest new potatoes when plants flower, or cure full-season types for a week at room temperature before long-term storage.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"pumpkin","common_name":"Pumpkin","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":120},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":3},"note":"Direct sow 1–3 weeks after last frost; time planting to mature before the first fall frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":144},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow 3–4 seeds 1 inch deep per hill in deeply worked, compost-rich soil once soil temperature is at least 65°F, then thin to the 2 strongest seedlings. Large-vined types need 6–10 feet of space per plant; choose bush types for smaller gardens. Place a piece of cardboard or straw under developing fruits to prevent rot. Harvest when the shell is fully orange, the rind is hard throughout, and the stem has begun to dry and cork.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"purple-hull-pea","common_name":"Purple Hull Pea (Southern Pea)","scientific_name":"Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":75},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":8},"note":"Sow 2 weeks after last frost into warm soil; a quintessential Gulf Coast staple that thrives in heat and humidity that discourage northern legumes."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":3,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"low","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep directly into warm, well-drained soil — purple hull peas rot in cold, wet ground, so wait until soil consistently exceeds 65°F. Inoculate seed with cowpea rhizobium for maximum nitrogen fixation and avoid excess fertilizer, which promotes foliage over pods. Harvest pods when the purple color intensifies and the peas feel plump inside, shelling immediately or refrigerating; over-mature pods turn tan and the peas starch up quickly. Succession-plant every 3 weeks through summer for a continuous harvest; a second planting in late July produces a heavy fall crop in the Gulf South.","sources":["Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service","Louisiana State University AgCenter"]},{"slug":"radicchio","common_name":"Radicchio","scientific_name":"Cichorium intybus var. foliosum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-14,"max":-10},"note":"For tight, colorful heads, sow in midsummer so radicchio heads up during cool fall weather, 10–14 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":10,"max":14},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep and thin to 10–14 in; radicchio produces loose, green summer foliage before forming its characteristic red and white tight head as days shorten and temperatures fall. Cut back summer foliage to about 1 in when plants look tired and cool temperatures arrive; new heads will form from the crown within 3–4 weeks. Harvest compact heads by cutting at the base once they feel firm and the color is deep burgundy. Hard frost may damage outer leaves but the inner head often survives.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"radish","common_name":"Radish","scientific_name":"Raphanus sativus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":22,"max":35},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Sow 2–4 weeks before last frost; succession sow every 10 days for continuous harvest, stopping when summer heat sets in."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":3},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":2,"max":3},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/2 in deep in cool, well-drained soil at 10-day intervals for a steady supply. Radishes bolt quickly in heat or long days, so spring and fall are the prime windows. Thin to 2 in as soon as seedlings are up to prevent overcrowding, which causes lanky tops and small or misshapen roots. Pull spring types at 3/4 to 1 in diameter before they become hot and pithy.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"rhubarb","common_name":"Rhubarb","scientific_name":"Rheum x hybridum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"perennial","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":365,"max":730},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"division","season":"perennial","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"soil_workable","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":4},"note":"Plant divisions as soon as soil is workable in early spring; each division should have at least one large bud."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant root divisions 3–4 in deep in deeply dug, compost-enriched soil, setting buds just at the soil surface. Do not harvest any stalks in the first year, and take only a few in year two so the crown can establish a deep root system. From year three onward, harvest stalks when they are 12–18 in long and 3/4 in thick by pulling and twisting at the base; remove any flower stalks that appear immediately to prevent weakening the crown. Note that only the stalks are edible—the leaves contain high concentrations of oxalic acid and are toxic.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"romaine-lettuce","common_name":"Romaine Lettuce","scientific_name":"Lactuca sativa var. longifolia","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":2,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow or transplant 2–4 weeks before last frost; for fall, sow 8–10 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed at 1/8 in depth in cool soil and thin to 8–12 in; romaine forms an upright, elongated head that needs slightly more space than loose-leaf types. Keep soil evenly moist to prevent tip burn, which appears as brown leaf edges due to calcium deficiency from moisture stress. Harvest by cutting the whole head at soil level when it is 8–10 in tall and the inner leaves feel firm. Outer leaves can be removed individually as the head develops to extend the harvest period.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"romanesco","common_name":"Romanesco","scientific_name":"Brassica oleracea var. botrytis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":75,"max":100},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-20,"max":-16},"note":"Start indoors and transplant so heads mature in cool fall weather; aim to transplant about 16 weeks before first frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":18,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep indoors 6–8 weeks before transplant date; romanesco demands consistent temperatures between 60–65°F during head formation or it fails to produce proper fractal spirals. Transplant into deeply amended soil and water evenly throughout the season, as any moisture stress affects head quality. Harvest the single central head when the spiral turrets are sharp and well-defined but before any yellowing begins. Unlike broccoli, romanesco rarely produces usable side shoots after the main head is cut.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"runner-bean","common_name":"Runner Bean","scientific_name":"Phaseolus coccineus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":54,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Sow around or just after last frost; runner beans prefer cooler summers than common beans and will drop flowers in intense heat."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":9},"height_in":{"min":72,"max":120},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 2 in deep at the base of a robust trellis or obelisk at least 6 ft tall; runner beans are vigorous climbers and will overwhelm light supports. The scarlet flowers attract hummingbirds and are themselves edible. Pick pods frequently at 6–8 in before they become stringy; pods left to mature inhibit further flowering. In frost-free climates, tuberous roots can be overwintered and will regrow the following spring.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"rutabaga","common_name":"Rutabaga","scientific_name":"Brassica napus var. napobrassica","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":12},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":85,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"first_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-14,"max":-12},"note":"Sow 12–14 weeks before the expected first autumn frost so roots mature in cool weather."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/2 in deep in fertile, well-drained soil; rutabagas need more time and space than turnips to produce their large storage roots. Thin to 6–8 in once seedlings are established and keep soil evenly moist to prevent splitting. Flavor is significantly improved by frost, so aim to leave roots in the ground until after the first hard freeze. Harvest before the ground freezes solid and store in a cool, humid root cellar for several months.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"serrano-pepper","common_name":"Serrano Pepper","scientific_name":"Capsicum annuum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":8,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":75,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":85},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-10,"max":-8},"note":"Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost; transplant after all frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":14,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm, moist starting mix and provide consistent warmth around 80°F for best germination results. Transplant into well-drained, fertile garden soil after the last frost, spacing plants to allow good airflow. Serranos are productive plants that benefit from light fertilization mid-season. Harvest small green fruits at 1–2 inches long for peak heat and crunch, or let them ripen to red for a slightly fruity flavor.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"shallot","common_name":"Shallot","scientific_name":"Allium cepa var. aggregatum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"bulb","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"bulb","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Plant cloves 2–4 weeks before last frost in spring; in mild climates, an autumn planting produces larger bulbs."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Separate shallot clusters into individual cloves and plant each with the tip just at or slightly above the soil surface, 1 in deep, in fertile, well-drained soil. Each clove multiplies into a cluster of 6–12 new bulbs by season's end, so generous spacing pays off. Harvest when most of the green tops have toppled and turned papery. Dry clusters on screens in good airflow for 2–3 weeks and store in a cool, airy spot; well-cured shallots keep for 6 months or more.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"shelling-pea","common_name":"Shelling Pea","scientific_name":"Pisum sativum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":15},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Sow as early as the ground is workable, typically 4–6 weeks before the last frost date."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep in rows 18 in apart and provide support for tall types. Consistent moisture from flowering through pod fill is critical; drought during this window sharply reduces yield. Harvest when pods are well rounded and the peas inside feel firm through the pod wall; sugar converts rapidly to starch after picking, so chill or eat immediately. Shell and freeze any surplus the same day for best sweetness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"skirret","common_name":"Skirret","scientific_name":"Sium sisarum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":14,"max":21},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":68},"days_to_maturity":{"min":120,"max":150},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost or start indoors 6 weeks early; established clumps can also be divided in spring."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":8},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in well-prepared, deeply cultivated soil; skirret produces a cluster of multiple sweet, carrot-like roots that need loose ground to develop well. Keep well-watered through summer as drought stress causes woody, fibrous roots with an unpleasant core. Harvest in autumn after frost, washing and separating the finger-sized roots; any woody central strings are removed before eating. Divide clumps in early spring to propagate, replanting the outer sections and discarding the old center.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"snap-pea","common_name":"Snap Pea","scientific_name":"Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":15},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":58,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before last frost; a fall planting 8 weeks before first frost is equally productive in many climates."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1 in deep as soon as the ground can be worked and provide twiggy brush or mesh netting for vines to climb. Pre-soaking seeds overnight can improve germination in cold soil. Harvest when pods are plump, fully filled, and glossy; snap peas pass their peak quickly in warm weather. Powdery mildew is common late in the season — choose resistant varieties when available.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"snow-pea","common_name":"Snow Pea","scientific_name":"Pisum sativum var. saccharatum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":6,"max":15},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":75},"days_to_maturity":{"min":55,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Sow 4–6 weeks before the last spring frost or in early autumn; cool weather produces the crispest, sweetest pods."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":2,"max":4},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Press seeds 1 in deep into cool, well-drained soil and erect support netting before the vines need it. Snow peas are harvested when pods are flat, bright green, and the seeds inside are barely visible; even slight bulging means the pod is overripe for stir-fry use. Keep pods picked daily during peak production to sustain cropping. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers, which produce lush foliage at the expense of pods.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"spaghetti-squash","common_name":"Spaghetti Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":80,"max":100},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil temperature reaches 65°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":48},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, compost-enriched hills, placing 3 seeds per hill and thinning to 1–2 plants. Give vines ample room to spread, or train onto a strong trellis and support heavy fruits with a sling. The rind turns from pale green to golden yellow when mature and will feel hard when pressed. Allow picked fruits to cure in a warm spot for 1–2 weeks before using or storing; they keep for several months in a cool, dry room.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"spinach","common_name":"Spinach","scientific_name":"Spinacia oleracea","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":35,"max":70},"days_to_maturity":{"min":37,"max":50},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-6,"max":-4},"note":"Direct sow 4–6 weeks before last frost in spring; also sow in fall 6–8 weeks before first frost for overwintering where winters are mild."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":3,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"partial","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/2 in deep in fertile, slightly alkaline soil and keep evenly moist; germination is slow in warm soil above 70°F. Thin to 3–6 in and fertilize with nitrogen to encourage lush, dark-green growth. Begin harvesting outer leaves once plants have 6–8 leaves, or cut the whole plant about 1 in above the crown for regrowth. Bolting is triggered by long days and heat; choose slow-bolt varieties for extended spring harvests.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"straightneck-squash","common_name":"Straightneck Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":48,"max":65},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil is warm."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant seeds 1 inch deep in warm, loose, well-drained soil enriched with aged compost. Thin to one plant per hill and keep the bed consistently moist throughout the growing season. Monitor frequently for squash vine borers and squash bugs, which are the most serious pests. Harvest fruits at 6–8 inches long while the skin is still soft and pale yellow for the best flavor and texture.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sweet-corn","common_name":"Sweet Corn","scientific_name":"Zea mays var. saccharata","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"grain","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":55,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":0,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow at last frost date once soil temperature reaches at least 55°F; sow in blocks of at least 4 rows for good pollination."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":9,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":60,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1–2 inches deep in blocks rather than single rows to ensure adequate wind pollination; block width should be at least 4 rows. Side-dress with nitrogen fertilizer when plants reach knee-height and again at tasseling to support high yields. Silks turn brown and dry about 20 days after they appear, signaling readiness; peel back the husk and pierce a kernel to check for milky juice as the ripeness test. Eat or preserve immediately after harvest for maximum sweetness, especially with modern supersweet varieties.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"sweet-potato","common_name":"Sweet Potato","scientific_name":"Ipomoea batatas","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":90,"max":120},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"transplant","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":4},"note":"Set out slips 2–4 weeks after last frost when soil is reliably warm; sweet potato vines are extremely cold-sensitive."},"usda_zones":{"min":5,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Plant rooted slips 4 in deep in well-drained, loose soil on raised ridges or mounded rows to warm quickly; slips are propagated by sprouting cured roots in a warm, humid space 6–8 weeks before planting out. Resist fertilizing heavily with nitrogen, which favors vines over tubers. Harvest before the first frost by carefully lifting roots with a broad fork; any nicks will rot in storage. Cure freshly dug sweet potatoes at 85–90°F with high humidity for 10 days before storing at 55–60°F.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"swiss-chard","common_name":"Swiss Chard","scientific_name":"Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"half-hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost in spring; also sow in late summer for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Each chard seed is actually a cluster of seeds, so thin aggressively to 6–12 in once seedlings establish; sow 1/2 in deep. Swiss chard tolerates more summer heat than spinach, making it a valuable warm-gap green as long as irrigation is consistent. Harvest outer stalks when 8–10 in long, cutting cleanly at the base without disturbing the crown. Plants will produce continuously until heavy frost; mulching extends the season into early winter in temperate climates.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"tomatillo","common_name":"Tomatillo","scientific_name":"Physalis philadelphica","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant 1–2 weeks after frost danger has passed."},"usda_zones":{"min":4,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":60},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1/4 inch deep in warm, moist starting mix about 6–8 weeks before transplanting. Plant at least two plants for cross-pollination, which is necessary for fruit set. Allow the husk to fully enclose the fruit and turn papery before harvesting. Fruit is ready when it fills the husk and the husk begins to split.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"tomato","common_name":"Tomato","scientific_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"fruiting","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":85},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"indoor-start","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-8,"max":-6},"note":"Start indoors 6–8 weeks before last frost; transplant 1–2 weeks after last frost."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":36,"max":96},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 inch deep in warm starting mix and keep at 70–85°F until sprouts emerge. Transplant after nights reliably stay above 50°F, burying the stem up to the lowest leaves to encourage a strong root system. Provide a cage or stake for support, and water consistently at the base to reduce the risk of blossom-end rot. Harvest when fruit is fully colored and gives slightly to gentle pressure.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"turmeric","common_name":"Turmeric","scientific_name":"Curcuma longa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":null,"max":null},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":65,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":240,"max":300},"maturity_from":"transplant","sow_method":"tuber","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Start rhizomes indoors 4–6 weeks before the last frost; move outside only when soil has warmed to 65°F and nights stay above 50°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":8,"max":12},"spacing_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"height_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"partial","water":"high","directions":"Select firm rhizome pieces each with at least one swollen bud, soak in water for an hour, then plant 2–3 in deep in loose, compost-rich soil once the ground has thoroughly warmed. Turmeric grows best with bright indirect light or filtered afternoon shade in hot climates and needs consistent moisture throughout the season — never let the soil dry out completely. Feed monthly with a balanced fertilizer; plants develop broad, tropical-looking leaves reaching 2–4 ft. Dig rhizomes after foliage yellows and dies back naturally, usually 8–10 months after planting, then cure at room temperature for a week before using fresh, drying, or storing.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"turnip","common_name":"Turnip","scientific_name":"Brassica rapa subsp. rapa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"root","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":45,"max":85},"days_to_maturity":{"min":40,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Sow 2–4 weeks before last frost for spring harvest, or 6–8 weeks before first frost for a fall crop."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":8,"max":16},"spread_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Broadcast or drill seed 1/4 to 1/2 in deep and thin to 4–6 in when seedlings are 2–3 in tall; use the tops as nutritious braising greens. Cool weather sweetens turnips considerably, and fall-sown roots are typically milder than spring ones. Harvest at 2–3 in diameter for the best tenderness; larger roots become woody and sharp in flavor. Flea beetles can disfigure foliage — row cover offers good protection early in the season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"turnip-greens","common_name":"Turnip Greens","scientific_name":"Brassica rapa subsp. rapa","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"brassica","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":7},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":40,"max":80},"days_to_maturity":{"min":30,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Direct sow 2–4 weeks before last frost for spring; sow again in early fall for a second crop of sweet greens."},"usda_zones":{"min":2,"max":9},"spacing_in":{"min":4,"max":6},"height_in":{"min":10,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":6,"max":10},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seed 1/4 in deep in fertile soil; turnips are among the fastest-germinating brassicas and begin producing harvestable greens within a month. Thin to 4–6 in if growing for both greens and roots, or leave closer together for greens-only production. Begin harvesting outer leaves when plants are 6–8 in tall, leaving the crown to continue growing. Fall-harvested greens are noticeably sweeter than spring greens due to the conversion of starches to sugars in cool temperatures.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"watercress","common_name":"Watercress","scientific_name":"Nasturtium officinale","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"leafy green","days_to_germination":{"min":7,"max":14},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":50,"max":68},"days_to_maturity":{"min":50,"max":70},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"cool","frost_tolerance":"hardy","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":-4,"max":-2},"note":"Sow in cool, wet conditions 2–4 weeks before last frost; can also be started from cuttings rooted in water."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":8},"height_in":{"min":4,"max":10},"spread_in":{"min":8,"max":12},"sun":"partial","water":"high","directions":"Sow seed on the surface of consistently moist, fertile soil near a stream, pond edge, or other reliably wet site; watercress requires more water than almost any other salad green. In garden beds without standing water, water deeply every day and mulch heavily to retain moisture. Harvest stem tips of 4–6 in regularly to encourage bushy growth; the plant becomes bitter and coarse after flowering. Succession plantings from rooted stem cuttings placed in shallow water provide a continuous supply through the cool season.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"watermelon","common_name":"Watermelon","scientific_name":"Citrullus lanatus","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":3,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":70,"max":90},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":3},"note":"Direct sow 1–3 weeks after last frost once soil temperature reaches at least 70°F; or start indoors 2–3 weeks early."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":36,"max":72},"height_in":{"min":12,"max":18},"spread_in":{"min":72,"max":144},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, sandy loam hills with generous compost worked in; watermelons thrive with long, hot summers. Avoid overhead irrigation once fruits are sizing up, as uneven moisture causes cracking. Ripeness indicators include a dull surface sheen replacing the glossy skin, a cream or yellow ground spot on the underside, and a dry tendril nearest the fruit. Thump the fruit and listen for a deep, hollow resonance to confirm ripeness.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"yardlong-bean","common_name":"Yardlong Bean (Asparagus Bean)","scientific_name":"Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"legume","days_to_germination":{"min":5,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":70,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":60,"max":80},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":2,"max":6},"note":"Sow 2–6 weeks after last frost once soil is warm; yardlong beans love Gulf Coast heat and humidity and outperform regular beans all summer."},"usda_zones":{"min":7,"max":11},"spacing_in":{"min":6,"max":12},"height_in":{"min":120,"max":180},"spread_in":{"min":12,"max":24},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 in deep once soil is reliably warm; yardlong beans are vigorous climbers that need a sturdy trellis or fence at least 6 feet tall. Unlike common beans, they thrive in high heat and set pods prolifically during summer weather that causes snap beans to drop their blossoms. Harvest when pods are pencil-thin and roughly 12–18 in long, well before they reach their potential 36 in — longer pods become fibrous and bitter. Check daily once pods begin forming, as they move from prime to over-mature in just 2–3 days.","sources":["general horticultural reference","University of Florida IFAS Extension"]},{"slug":"yellow-crookneck-squash","common_name":"Yellow Crookneck Squash","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":48,"max":65},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil temperature reaches at least 65°F."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":30},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in hills of 2–3, thinning to one plant once established, in soil amended with compost for steady nutrient supply. Water consistently at the base to keep foliage dry and reduce disease. The distinctive curved neck makes ripe fruit easy to spot. Harvest fruits at 4–6 inches long with the skin still tender enough to dent with a fingernail for the best eating quality.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]},{"slug":"zucchini","common_name":"Zucchini","scientific_name":"Cucurbita pepo","category":"vegetable","subcategory":"cucurbit","days_to_germination":{"min":4,"max":10},"germination_soil_temp_f":{"min":60,"max":95},"days_to_maturity":{"min":45,"max":60},"maturity_from":"seed","sow_method":"direct","season":"warm","frost_tolerance":"tender","planting":{"anchor":"last_frost","weeks_from_anchor":{"min":1,"max":2},"note":"Direct sow 1–2 weeks after last frost once soil is warm; can also start indoors 2–3 weeks before transplanting."},"usda_zones":{"min":3,"max":10},"spacing_in":{"min":24,"max":36},"height_in":{"min":18,"max":36},"spread_in":{"min":24,"max":48},"sun":"full","water":"moderate","directions":"Sow seeds 1 inch deep in warm, compost-enriched soil arranged in hills of 2–3 seeds, then thin to the strongest plant. Water at the soil level rather than overhead to reduce the risk of powdery mildew, which is the most common problem. Check plants daily once fruiting begins, as zucchini grows very rapidly. Harvest fruits at 6–8 inches for the best texture, leaving a short stem attached.","sources":["general horticultural reference"]}]